Retinography

Macular pseudohole is characterized by a steepened foveal contour without a full-thickness defect. On Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), it shows a narrow, deep foveal pit with intact outer retinal layers, typically caused by a contractile epiretinal membrane (ERM). Differentiating it from a true macular hole is essential, as visual prognosis and management differ…

In macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel), the OCTA depth-enhanced map improves visualization of vascular alterations across different retinal layers. It highlights capillary rarefaction and telangiectatic vessels, particularly in the deep capillary plexus and outer retina. This tool enhances diagnostic accuracy and monitoring of neovascular complications in MacTel. #MacTel #OCTA…

Choroidal nevus is best visualized using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) imaging. Its appearance may vary: it can be hyperreflective in confocal systems or hyporeflective in non-confocal imaging, depending on the imaging modality and melanin density. NIR enhances contrast for detecting and monitoring nevi, especially when they are not clearly visible on color fundus photography or…

A superior nasal branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is usually asymptomatic, as the macula is typically spared. These cases are often identified incidentally during routine examination. Fluorescein angiography (FA) reveals localized capillary nonperfusion in the affected quadrant, indicating retinal ischemia. Despite the absence of symptoms, close follow-up is essential to monitor for…

In proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), neovascularization elsewhere (NVE) refers to abnormal blood vessel growth in the midperiphery or periphery of the retina. The green channel enhances contrast, making NVE more visible against the retinal background. Identifying NVE early is crucial for guiding treatment, such as panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) or anti-VEGF therapy, to prevent…

In proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), subhyaloid hemorrhage results from fragile neovascularization bleeding into the preretinal space. The green channel enhances contrast, improving hemorrhage visualization on fundus imaging. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) shows a well-demarcated, hyperreflective hemorrhagic pocket between the retina and the posterior hyaloid face, which can affect…

In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), soft confluent drusen appear as yellowish deposits on true color imaging, often coalescing into larger lesions. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) reveals these drusen as elevations of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with underlying hyporeflective spaces. The presence of large, confluent drusen increases the risk of progression to advanced AMD,…

In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), outer retinal tubulations (ORT) can present unique patterns on en-face OCT, often resembling intraretinal fluid (IRF), leading to potential misdiagnosis. In the presented case, en-face imaging shows ORT as hyporreflective interconnected branching networks extensions  surrounded by a hyperreflective borders, while dark areas without hyperreflective…

In Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSC), serous retinal detachment and serous pigment epithelial detachment (PED) are hallmark findings. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) reveals a hyporeflective space beneath the neurosensory retina and PEDs, often associated with focal RPE abnormalities. The leakage site at the RPE can be identified on OCT as a point of discontinuity or hypertransmission,…

Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV) should be investigated when subretinal fluid (SRF) is observed adjacent to the optic disc. En-face OCT imaging at the level of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) is a valuable tool for detecting SRF in these cases, providing a detailed view of fluid distribution and its impact on the retinal structure. This technique enhances diagnostic accuracy and helps guide…

In advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a disciform scar represents the end stage of neovascular AMD. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) shows hyperreflective fibrotic tissue replacing normal retinal layers, with possible subretinal fluid or retinal thinning. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) reveals hypoautofluorescence due to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy, with surrounding…

In acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSC), Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) reveals subretinal fluid as a hyporeflective space between the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The absence of significant intraretinal fluid differentiates CSC from other causes of macular edema. OCT is essential for diagnosing, monitoring resolution, and assessing treatment…

Multifocal Best vitelliform dystrophy is a rare retinal condition characterized by multiple yellowish vitelliform lesions scattered across the posterior pole. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) shows hyperautofluorescent lesions due to lipofuscin accumulation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Over time, areas of hypoautofluorescence may appear, indicating RPE atrophy. FAF is crucial for…

The presence of drusen in a young woman may suggest inherited or systemic conditions rather than typical age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Conditions like familial drusen, basal laminar drusen, or early-onset drusen should be considered. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) can reveal their size and location, and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) may show associated retinal pigment epithelium…

Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV) should be investigated when subretinal fluid is observed adjacent to the optic disc. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is useful in these cases, as it highlights retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) changes. Areas of hyperautofluorescence indicate RPE stress, while hypoautofluorescence suggests atrophy, aiding in the identification of PCV-related…

Secondary macular telangiectasia  due to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is characterized by vascular changes in the macula. Fluorescein angiography (FA) reveals dilated and tortuous macular capillaries, areas of leakage, and capillary telangiectasia. FA helps assess the extent of macular involvement, guiding management decisions such as anti-VEGF therapy to address macular…