Every Tongue Shall Confess

made some versions of the agony grip for my friends for when the whole gang gets it . including different levels depending on the anguish

it used to be pretty common for there to be cats on boats. they’d take care of any rodents who would chew on ropes or wires and spread diseases. sailors were also superstitious and believed that having a cat aboard would bring good luck! this belief passed on to their wives, who kept cats - especially black ones who were believed to be extra lucky - at home in order to keep their husbands safe when at sea.

another popular superstition? that if a cat came aboard it was a sign of luck, but if it only boarded halfway and then left, it was a sign of bad luck.

most ship’s cats are only found in modern times on private vessels, but they have roots going back to early history. one such example is the Vikings, who took cats with them on expeditions.

The Earth’s submarine fiber optic cable network.

Visualized in RStats with rayrender. 

A galleon’s effectivness lay in its battery of guns. This plate shows the range of artillery carried by English and Spanish galleons. in: Spanish Galleon vs. English Galleon 1550- 1605, by Mark Lardas

To the left is a race- built English galleon displaying its typical broadside guns. All are mounted on four-wheel truck carriages:

Culverin: A long- range, ship killing, brass muzzleloader. Culverins fired an 18 pdr. shot.

Demi- culverin: Another lone range, brass muzzleloader, firing an 8 pdr. shot.

Minion: A lighter gun that fired a 5 ¼ pdr. shot capable of penetrating the bulwarks of the upper deck and the castles.

To the right is the larger and loftier Spanish galleon mounting guns on four decks. Spanish muzzleloaders of the 16th century were typically mounted on two- wheel field carriages, while breechloaders were on sledge carriages frequently with two wheels allowing respositioning.

A. Demi- cannon: A brass muzzleloader that threw a 32 pdr. shot. The range of the demi- cannon was shorter that a culverin due to the demi- cannon barrel’s shorter lenght. The shot also had a slower muzzle velocity.

B. Iron breechloading bombard: Obsolescent by the time of the Armada campaign, Spain still used them due the shortages of newer brass breechloaders. It typically fired stone shot.

C. Saker: A short- range, brass muzzleloader, firing a 6 pdr. shot. Probably cast in England, it was smuggled to Spain.

True story.

I just wanted a refill on my Sprite. 

That’s all I wanted.

Pocket kitty