PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS FOR FINAL YEAR STUDENTS

HOW TO WRITE A GOOD PROJECT PROPOSAL

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A project proposal is an outlined description of different activities geared towards solving a certain problem in a bit to gain success over the problem afterwards. Most undergraduate are expected to propose a final year project topic, which will help to stimulate further studies.…

DELIVERING A GOOD PRESENTATION: TIPS FOR A GOOD PROJECT DEFENCE

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In the academic world, it is a routine convention that having studied for a period, students are required to do researches, make findings, choose a topic and develop good and quality content for such topic. In most cases, final year project topics are selected…

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of the Study

The resultant of technological innovation has been the transformation in operational dimension of banks over some decades. Internet technology has brought about a paradigm shift in banking operations to the extent that banks embrace internet technology to enhance effective and extensive delivery of wide range of value added products and services.

The importance of banking industry in the world cannot be sidelined. The new millennium brought with it new possibilities in terms of information access and availability simultaneously, introducing new challenges in protecting sensitive information from some eyes while making it available to others. Today’s business environment is extremely dynamic and experience rapid changes as a result of technological improvement, increased awareness and demands from banks to serve their customers electronically (Huang, 2011). Banks have traditionally been in the fore front of harnessing technology to improve their products and services.

The Banking industry of the 21st century operates in a complex and competitive environment characterized by these changing conditions and highly unpredictable economic climate (Sabourhi, 2011). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is at the center of this global change curve of Electronic Banking System in Nigeria today (Stevens, 2016). Assert that they have over the time, been using electronic and telecommunication networks for delivering a wide range of value added products and services, managers in Banking industry in Nigeria cannot ignore Information Systems because they play a critical impact in current Banking system, they point out that the entire cash flow of most fortune Banks are linked to Information System (Odutola, 2017).

The application of information and communication technology concepts, techniques, policies and implementation strategies to banking services has become a subject of fundamental importance and concerns to all Banks and indeed a prerequisite for local and global competitiveness Banking (Midgley, 2016). The advancement in Technology has played an important role in improving service delivery standards in the Banking industry. In its simplest form, Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and deposit machines now allow consumers carry out banking transactions beyond banking hours (Ercan, 2014).

With online banking, individuals can check their account balances and make payments without having to go to the bank hall. According to Kaul (2014), this is gradually creating a cashless society where consumers no longer have to pay for all their purchases with hard cash. For example: bank customers can pay for airline tickets and subscribe to initial public offerings by transferring the money directly from their accounts, or pay for various goods and services by electronic transfers of credit to the sellers account. As most people now own mobile phones, banks have also introduced mobile banking to cater for customers who are always on the move (Midgley, 2016). Mobile banking allows individuals to check their account balances and make fund transfers using their mobile phones. This was popularized by the then First Inland Bank through its“ Flash me cash” product Customers can also recharge their mobile phones via SMS (Levy, 2016). E-Banking has made banking transactions easier around the World and it is fast gaining acceptance in Nigeria.

The delivery channels today in Nigeria electronic Banking are quite numerous has it is mentioned here Automatic Teller Machine (ATM), Point of Sales (POS), Telephone Banking, Smart Cards, Internet Banking etc Personal computers in the Banking industry was first introduced into Nigeria by Society General Bank as the popular PC easy access to the internet and World Wide Web (www) and internet is increasingly used by Bank’s as a channel of delivering the products and services to the numerous customers (Kadiri, 2010). Virtually almost all Banks in Nigeria have a web presence; this form of Banking is referred to as Internet Banking which is generally part of Electronic Banking (Odutola, 2017). The delivery of products by banks on public domain is an indication of advertisement which is known has E-Commerce. Electronic commerce on the other hand is a general term for any type of business or commercial transaction it involves the transfer of information across the internet (Kearney, 2018). E-Commerce involves individuals and business organization exchanging business information and instructions over electronic media using computers, telephones and other communication equipments (Hoorn and Rodgers, 2018). This covers a range of different types of business from consumers to retails products. However, Electronic banking as it is; is a product of E-Commerce in the field of banking and financial services. It offers different online services like balance enquiry, request for cheque books, recording stop payment instructions, balance transfer instructions, account opening and other form of traditional banking services (Kadiri, 2010). The Internet allows businesses to use information more effectively, by allowing customers, suppliers, employees, and partners to get access to the business information they need, when they need it (Oparil, 2015). These Internet- enabled services all translate to reduced cost: there are less overhead, greater economies of scale, and increased efficiency (Kadiri, 2010). E-Banking’ greatest promise is timelier, more valuable information accessible to more people, at reduced cost of information access. With the changes in business operations as a result of the Internet era, security concerns move from computer labs to the front page of newspapers (Dickson, 2016). In the words of Arkwright (2012), the promise of E-Banking is offset by the security challenges associated with the disintermediation of data access. One security challenge results from “cutting out the middleman,” that too often cuts out the information security the middleman provides (Arkwright, 2012). Another is the expansion of the user communication, Zenith Bank from a small group of known, veted users accessing data from the intranet, to thousands of users accessing data from the Internet. Application Service Providers (ASP) and exchanges offer especially stringent—and sometimes contradictory —requirements of per user and per customer security, while allowing secure data sharing among communities of interest (Dickson, 2016). E- Banking depends on providing customers, partners, and employees with access to information, in a way that is controlled and secure (Liu, 2012). Technology must provide security to meet the challenges encountered by E-Banking. Virtually all software and hardware vendors claim to build secure products, but what assurance does an E-Banking have of a product’s security? E-Banking want a clear answer to the conflicting security claims they hear from vendors (Kaul, 2014). How can you be confident about the security built into a product? Independent security evaluations against internationally established security criteria provide assurance of vendors’ security claims.

Customer expectation, in terms of service delivery and other key factors have increased dramatically in recent years, as a result of the promise and delivery of the internet (Ireland, 2016). Even after the “dot–com crash” these raised expectations linger (Ireland, 2016). The grow thin the application and acceptance of internet-driven technologies means that delivering an enhanced service is more achievable than ever before, however it is also more complex and fraught with potential costs and risk (Kaul, 2014). The internet introduces customers to a new perception of business time as always available on “24/7”, and demanding an urgent and rapid response (Sabourhi, 2012). The challenge for managers is to reconcile their business and their own personal perceptions of time with the perceived reality of internet time. The internet has decisively shifted the balance of power to the customer. The internet is revolutionizing sales techniques and perceptions of leading brands, and the internet is intensifying competition in all its forms (Klodas, 2012).

According to Shaw (2012), banking are continuing to use the internet to add value for their customers; but in order for this to work effectively-maximizing opportunities, reducing risks and overcoming problems –an E-Banking strategy is required as an impact. The growth of the Web and Internet as new channels, the growth in their use by customers, the growth in their use by customers, and the floor of companies entering the market, presents as a series of key challenges to companies (Chen, 2013). It is easy and cheap to put up a website. But to create an environment delivering effective service on the Web to a significant proportion of your customer base requires an E-Banking strategy (Kearney, 2015). Electronic Banking offers different online services like balance enquiry, request for cheque books, recording stop payment instructions, balance transfer instructions, account opening and other form of transitional Banking services.

By bank performance, generally it implies whether a bank has faired well within a trading period to realize its objectives.  The only document that explains this is presumably the published financial statements. According to Rose, a fair evaluation of any bank’s performance should start by evaluating whether it has been able to achieve the objectives set by management and stockholders.  Certainly, many banks have their own unique objectives. Some wish to grow faster and achieve some long-range growth objective, others seem to prefer quiet life, minimizing risk and conveying the image of a sound bank, but with modest rewards to their shareholders Ordinarily, stock prices and its behaviours  are deemed to reflect the performance of a firm.  This is a market indicator and may not be reliable always.  However, the size of the bank, the volume of deposit and its profitability could be deemed as more reliable performance indicators.  For the purpose of this study, profitability indicators, precisely the Return on Equity Capital (ROE) and the returns on Assets (ROA) are used to assess bank performance.

These ratios are indicators of management efficiency, and rate of returns.  According to

Rose, these profitability measures vary substantially over time and from one banking market to another.  The ROE and ROA are popularly in use today.  Nikolai & Bazley posit that the amount of net income earned in relation to total assets is an indicator of how efficiently a company uses its economic resources.  They further stressed that when the ROE is higher than the ROA, the company has favourable financial leverage. Sullivan, in his study took sample of banks that are located in tenth Federal Reserve District that have adopted internet bank and those that have not. Comparing their financial performances and risk positions, he observed that the profitability and risks of these grouped banks were similar. Hernando and Nieto found that the impact of adopting internet on the performance of banks as a delivery channel of e-banking takes time to appear. They hold the view that the adoption of a transactional website has a positive impact on profitability which becomes significant in terms of ROA and ROE three years after adoption. This finding actually conveys that there is a lag period for positive profitability impact to manifest on adoption of electronic banking.

However, their study revealed some weaker evidence of an earlier positive impact on adoption of e-banking particularly in terms of ROA. Siam citing the works of Shuqair (2013) on “practical electronic banking services by the Jordanian banks”, pointed out that one of the most important findings in that  study is the high cost of electronic banking services on the short run due to the training of employees, and the cost of the infrastructure. The implication of this finding is that electronic banking services will have a negative effect on the bank’s profitability in the short run.

Onay et al, in their study reveal that adoption of online banking and its investment is a gradual process. They posit that electronic banking does not seem to have a significant impact on the performance of Turkish banks measured in terms of ROA, ROE or margin in the year of adoption of the technology. Further, they showed that in the following year, there was significant decrease in profitability which was also attributed to the increase in IT expenditure following the adoption of the new technology.  

Also, in a similar study, Malhotra, and Singh, found that profitability and experience in offering of internet banking do not have any impact on banks’ performance in the Indian banking context. Khrawish and Al’sa’di, studied the impact of e-banking on bank profitability with evidence from Jordan. For banks that applied electronic services for less than two years, they found that there was no significant effect of these electronic services on the return of assets and the returns on equity. The study however, showed that such services made significant impact on the profit margin of the concerned banks. They also found that there was no significant effect of these services on banks profitability after two years of applying it in Jordan.

Alsmadi and Al’wabel, while studying e-banking on the performance of Jordanian banks, found that the adoption of e-banking affects bank performance negatively. In their opinion, they hold that e-banking may eventually become a very important factor affecting performance for many banks. From the research evidence so far, there has not been a research output of related study from Nigeria on electronic banking and banks profitability performance since the adoption of electronic banking. This study therefore makes an insight in this direction to close the gap.

1.2       Statement of the Problem

The fact that e-banking is fast gaining acceptance in Nigerian banking sector does not assuredly signify improved bank performance nor would conspicuous use of internet as a delivery channels

make it economically viable, productive or profitable. Whether progression is made in the use of internet technology (e-banking) or not, there should be parameter to empirically assess its impact over specified period of adoption. Consequently, the study will examine the impact of electronic banking on banks’ performance in Nigeria.

In Nigeria, customers of banks today are no longer about safety of their funds and increase returns on their investments only. Customers demand efficient, fast and convenient services. Customers want a Bank that will offer them services that will meet their particular needs (personalized Banking) and support their Business goals for instance; businessmen want to travel without carry out cash for security reasons. They want to be able to check their balance online, find out if a cheque is cleared, transfer funds among accounts and even want to down load transaction records into their own computer at work or home. Customers want a preferential treatment and full attention by their choice Bank. All these are only achievable through electronic Banking.

1.3       Objectives of the Study

The study sought to know an appraisal of impacts of electronic banking in zenith bank Nigeria plc. Specifically, the study sought to;

1.      examine the influence of Electronic Banking on the operational performance of zenith Banks.

2.      identify the contribution of Electronic Banking towards creating customer satisfaction in zenith Banks Nigeria.

3.      evaluate the impacts of Electronic Banking in increasing or reducing the cost of operation of Zenith Banks.

4.      examine whether the electronic banking guideline of Zenith Banks comply with the appraisal of Central Bank of Nigeria Electronic Banking guideline policy.

1.4       Research Questions

1.      What is the influence of Electronic Banking on the operational performance of zenith Banks?

2.      What is the contribution of Electronic Banking towards creating customer satisfaction in zenith Banks Nigeria?

3.      What are the impacts of Electronic Banking in increasing or reducing the cost of operation of Zenith Banks?

4.      Does electronic banking guideline of Zenith Banks comply with the appraisal of Central Bank of Nigeria Electronic Banking guideline policy?

1.5       Research Hypotheses

Ho1: Electronic Banking has no influence on the operational Performance of zenith Banks.

Ho2: Electronic Banking has no contributions towards creating customer satisfaction in zenith Banks Nigeria.

1.6       Significance of the Study

This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.

1.7       Scope/Limitations of the Study

This study is on the appraisal of impacts of electronic banking in zenith bank Nigeria plc.

Limitations of study

1.               Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

2.               Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

1.8       Definition of Terms

Appraisal:  Impartial analysis and evaluation conducted according to established criteria to determine the acceptability, merit, or worth of an item.

Impacts:  the strong effects or influence that something has on a situation or persons.

Electronic Banking: also known as electronic funds transfer (EFT), is simply the use of electronic means to transfer funds directly from one account to another, rather than by cheque, or cash. You can use electronic funds transfer to.

Zenith Bank: Zenith Bank is a Nigerian multinational financial services provider. It is licensed as a commercial bank, by the Central Bank of Nigeria, the central bank and national banking regulator.

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1. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS IN ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ORGANIZATION A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK NIGERIA 2. ASSESSMENT OF ADEQUATE RISK RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIAN INSURANCE COMPANIES A CASE STUDY OF UNION ASSURANCE COMPANY UYO 3. AN APPRAISAL OF THE IMPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC BANKING IN NIGERIA BANKS A CASE STUDY OF ACCESS BANK 4. FINANCIAL STATEMENT FRAUD IN AN ORGANIZATION: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 5. EVALUATION OF BANK LENDING PRACTICES AND CREDIT MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA 6. ENHANCING PUBLIC CONFIDENCE IN AUDIT REPORT OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA. 7. ENHANCING PUBLIC CONFIDENCE FINANCIAL REPORTING: THE ROLE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 8. IMPACT OF MULTIPLE TAXATIONS ON BUSINESS SURVIVAL IN NIGERIA.. 9. EFFECT OF CREATIVE ACCOUNTING ON SHAREHOLDERS WEALTH ( A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED AUDITORS IN ABAK LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA) 10. THE DETERMINANTS OF AUDITORS REPUTATION IN NIGERIA 11. THE DETERMINANT OF AUDIT FEE IN QUOTED FIRM IN THE NIGERIAN STOCK EXCHANGE. 12. CREDIT MANAGEMENT AND ISSUES OF BAD DEBTS IN COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NIGERIA 13. AN AWARENESS OF CONFIDENCE ACCOUNTING AMONGST ACCOUNTING LECTURERS IN NIGERIA. 14. ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION AS A TOOL FOR MANAGEMENT DECISION (A CASE STUDY OF PZ CALABAR). 15. ASSESSING BOOK-KEEPING PRACTICES OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN CALABAR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA 16. APPLICATION OF BUDGETS AND BUDGETARY CONTROL MEASURES IN A NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION A CASE STUDY OF APOSTOLIC CHURCH, DELTA 17. AN EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF NIGERIAN STOCK EXCHANGE IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA 18. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS IN ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ORGANIZATION 19. AN APPRAISAL OF THE IMPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC BANKING IN NIGERIA BANKS 20. ACCOUNTING INFORMATION, STOCK MARKET GROWTH AND THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

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In the academic world, it is a routine convention that having studied for a period, students are required to do researches, make findings, choose a topic and develop good and quality content for such topic. In most cases, final year project topics are selected from a pool of available ones by students and approved by their tutors before they commence work on it. Eventually students are expected to make a presentation to a group of enlightened scholars in respect to their final year project and also try to relate it to the real world scenario that await them having acquired qualification in their field of study, an art generally known as final year project defence. Under listed are a few tips to help you make an outstanding presentation while defending your final year project: •        Do thorough research on your topic: It is important to make detailed and extensive research on your topic so as to familiarize with concepts involved. •        Arrange your findings: After conducting proper research, it is important to arrange your resultant findings in order of necessity. •        Write:  Writing down your project and presentation steps in order will help you familiarize with the content and also help you to know what to say and when to say it. •        Note key points: writing down key points on handy notes or cards can be helpful. When presenting, just look at a point and give details. Remember you must not appear to be reading to your audience rather you should appear to know what you’re presenting. •        Practice your speech: practicing your speech aloud severally all by yourself until you get used to it and feel confident about it can be of great help in achieving excellent presentation delivery. Sometimes, rehearsing in front of a mirror and simulating the real world environment by rehearsing before a few friends and family if available could help too. •        Get feedback: Feedback from your simulated audience can draw your attention to areas where improvement is necessary. The encouragement and or criticism they give to can give an idea of what to expect in the real presentation and as such help in preparation. •        Dress well: Finally, on the D-day, ensure that you dress appropriately and look confident so as not to draw undesired attention to yourself. •        Speak up: try to speak audibly, clearly and coherently but avoid shouting...

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of the Study

In a true democracy, elections are the basis for the nation functions healthy. As the elections are hold frequently, the costs of voting are increasing geometrically. In order to save human resource and time, the current trend is using information technology on elections.

Recent years the issues of combining voting with information technology have developed into two directions. The former one is electronic voting (E-voting), which is voting on the particular machine in the fixed position; the latter is internet voting (I-voting), which is voting on the internet without limiting people in the polling station but needs higher level of security. Over the years, the scholars are addressed their concept of e-voting, they integrated information technology to satisfy the characteristic of election such as uniqueness, accuracy, completeness, verifiability, auditibility, privacy, and uncoercibility. But most of these researches focused on designing encryption algorithm, a usable and applicable implementation is rarely.

In our research, we design and implement a feasible system with contactless IC card for identification. Because of contactless IC card can be recycled, we can use this feature for the effective long term cost reduction. With information technology, we can simplify the traditional electoral procedures and saving the cost of human resource and time. In addition, we use the touchscreen panel to be the input interface with accessibility, and it can decrease the learning difficulty when the voters are instructed in how to use the new system.

              Voting and elections are essential ingredients of modern communities. Unlike any other transactional event, the result of elections can have many positive and/or negative effects on these communities and their wellbeing. For many years, elections, in general, have suffered from declining participation rates due to the inconvenience of manual voting. Manual voting has several other drawbacks among which are inaccuracy in ballot counting and the delayed announcement of election results [Online Voting May 2001]. To overcome these drawbacks, the Electronic Voting (e-voting) technique, the use of computers or computerized equipment to cast votes in elections, has been proposed. evoting automates and simplifies the election process, speeds it up, increases participation rates, reduces counting mistakes and minimizes the time it takes to announce results.

This materials, design and implementation of a generic e-voting system capable of supporting a number of election campaigns simultaneously and permits voters to cast their votes in these elections at any time (anytime voting), from any-location (anywhere voting) and using a variety of electronic devices (any-device voting) including Web browsers, WAP-enabled [GSM World: WAP Specification Releases.] devices (Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), Smart Phones) and SMS-based [GSM World:,SMS Forum. Online], mobile phones. To avoid web content replication for each of the connecting devices, the implemented system separates the data content from its presentation form. To achieve such a separation the Extensible Markup Language (XML). [Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0. Online] is used to represent the web data content, whereas, the Extensible Style Language Transformation (XSLT) [XSL Transformations (XSLT) Version 1.0. Online] style sheets are used to customize the presentation of such a content on different connecting devices, thus, achieving true “author once, publish to any device” design and implementation. To validate this concept, this paper presents the implementation of a prototype for the e-voting system in support of student elections within a university setting.

                   Elections, in general, can be divided into two main types, namely, political (e.g. legislative and municipal types of elections) and non-political (e.g. election of student governing body within a university, election of trade associations). Both of these election types have different security requirements. While high security is needed by political elections, a substantially less amount of security is needed by the non-political ones. Different electronic systems have been proposed in support of elections and voting, namely:

Computer Counting: this type of systems requires the voters to mark their votes on a paper with a pencil or marker or remove divots from a perforated card [Postnote: Online Voting]. The ballot cards are then scanned and tallied at a central computer site or at each polling station.

Direct-recoding electronic voting machine (DRE): this system requires voters to use a keyboard or touch screen to mark their votes on a computer terminal, directly connected to a stand-alone, polling-station-located computer [Dill, Mercuri, Neumann, Wallach feb.2003]. The votes are immediately added to a running tally stored in the computer's storage system. The final DRE tally is then moved to a central location where it is added to the tallies obtained from other DRE machines. A comparison between DRE and paper-based voting systems is presented in Ref. [ Shamos, Paper,  May 2004].

On-line Voting: this type of systems involves the use of a computer and the Internet or a private network in support of the voting process. On-line voting can be conducted in a variety of ways.

1.2       Statement of the Problem

To counter these drawbacks, Governments have proposed a number of possible methods for re-engaging the electorate in the voting process. One of these methods is the modernization of the way in which the elections are being conducted. These methods include the use of electronic voting (e-Voting) as a new and modernized way to carry out the election process. Electronic Voting extends polling hours (anytime voting) and enables casting of votes from any place (anywhere voting) using different electronic means (any device voting) such as mobile devices and Internet-based voting. In this technological age, it is imperative to explore and encourage greater use of information technology (IT) in most forms of service delivery. The ability to cast a vote through a multitude of choices such as web and mobile technologies is instantly attractive. Such facilities should also overcome constraints associated with the current voting process and engage more young voters. There is no doubt that remote electronic voting offers a convenience that would be appreciated by many people. E-voting enables citizens to participate electronically in democracy and provides them with more information about candidates and the election they are being asked to participate in.

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NEW AND TRENDING ACCOUNTING PROJECT TOPICS

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The educational curriculum states that in order to be awarded a degree after the graduating, there is need to carry out a research in a field of study. Consequently, this is done at the final year level in all university institutions. A lot of students have challenge when it comes to choosing a research topic. This is as a result of the fact that they lack knowledge on the basics of choosing a good research topic such that most students score poor grades at the end of it or even have to change topic midway through. This write up therefore is aimed at helping final year student know the essentials when it comes to choosing a research topic. STEPS IN CHOOSING A PROJECT TOPIC In order to impose order on the choice process and make the process less frustrating, we suggest the following procedure for the selection of a research topic: •        Decide on a functional area or areas of primary interest such as Engineering, production, computer science, management, education and so forth. •        Net choose a sub –area from the functional area. For instance a student who has interest in human resources may choose a topic on organizational behaviour or workplace hostility. •        Look for the possible research topics in that sub area. •        Familiarize yourself with the subject matter relating to the proposed topics. •        Evaluate any tentative topic you choose carefully and critically. A student should have at least three tentative topics in. He should choose the topic which is most attractive to him among the other topics having compared the pros and cons of each of the topics. 

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