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Not all Chinese phrases are polite. 😡Learn how natives express annoyance. 👇Sign up for more lessons:
https://www.chineseclass101.com/?src=tumblr_infographic_annoying_051926
It's been a while since my last character breakdown, so this time it's 先.
先 - xiān - first, originally, previous
选 - xuǎn - to choose, select
洗 - xǐ - to wash, clean, rinse something
赞 - zàn - to praise, commend, support
宪 - xiàn - constition, law
攒 - zǎn - to save, hoard
臜 - zā - dirty, unclean, filthy (not very commonly used, used in dialect)
铣 - xǐ - milling, related to mill items and activities
侁 - shēn - large crowd
筅 - xiǎn - bamboo brush but for cooking e.g. the kind used for matcha
诜 - shēn - to inform, inquire about something
Here's a quick intro to Classical Chinese that can come in handy if you're interested in Li Bais' poetry, or literary and historical texts using Classical Chinese. Classical Chinese is quite concise in the way it's written, with short sentences and a variety of pronouns. The grammar is realtively simple once you learn the core sentence patterns.
Note: Traditional characters are used but the modern meaning is not always the same. Classical Chinese is quite context dependant, so the character meaning may turn out to be something quite different than what you'd normally assume. Since it's context dependant, quite a lot of characters end up being omitted e.g. A [is] B, or [He] arrived.
Pronouns:
1. 1st Person (I / me )
吾 - I, me
Example:
吾日三省吾身- -I examine myself three times a day.
我- I, me
Example:
我見友 - I see a friend.
余 / 予 (yú) - I, me
These ones are used less commonly as these are one of the oldest characters, and ultimately have the same meaning
Example:
余行江上- I walk by the river.
2. 2nd Person (you)
子 - respectful way to address someone who's superior than you, such as a teacher, ruler etc/
Example:
子來矣 - The Master has arrived.
君 - addressing someone who's a lord, king, a ruler etc.
Example:
君召我 - The lord summons me.
公 - respectful, but not to the same degree as 君 e.g. officials, elders etc.
Example:
請公坐。 - Please sit, sir.
汝 / 女 - informal, to inferior or close person
Example:
汝勿言 - Do not speak.
3. 3rd Person
Classical Chinese doesn't explicitly have 3rd person pronouns, as they're very much context based. There are however these:
之 - him / her / it / them
Also used as a possessive or connector, but here it’s object-only.
Examples:
我見之 - I see him/her/it.
爱人者，人恒爱之；敬人者，人恒敬之 - Those who love others will always be loved; those who respect others will always be respected
其 - his / her / its / their (possessive)
Also can mean “that,” depending on context.
Example:
其為人也孝悌 - [As for] his character, it's filial and brotherly
視其所以 - Observe his actions
彼 - that person /that one
Refers to someone/something more distant.
Examples:
彼一時，此一時 - That was one time, this is another
此 - this / this one (opposite of 彼.)
Examples:
彼亦一是非，此亦一是非 - What is right here, is wrong there
Grammatical Relationships:
Topic–Comment
This is the most common structure. A topic is introduced first, then the sentence that follows comments on it.
Example:
書，我喜讀之 - As for books, I enjoy reading [them].
為政，以德為本- As for governing: virtue is [its] foundation
Subject
This is also a basic structure where the subject does something or is something.
Example:
人皆有不忍人之心 - Everyone has a heart that cannot bear others’ suffering.
民安- The people are at peace.
Verb–Object
A verb is directly followed by its object (very compact so you need to infer the context at times)
Example:
飲酒- Drink wine.
見賢思齊- When you see someone of virtue/has virtue, think of emulating them
求仁得仁- Seek humaneness and obtain humaneness.
Coordination
Two (or more) words of equal meaning or types are placed together. No conjunctions are necessary, though classical texts sometimes use 而 / 與 / 及 to mean and/as well/A then B. They don't modify each other unlike our next structure which is subordination
Example:
風雨 - wind and rain
山川 - mountains and rivers
日月- sun and moon
Subordination
This is an interesting structure where one element modifies or explains another element, e.g. A of B, A which is B, A describes B
Example:
王之子 - The king’s son
古人之道 - The Way of the ancient people.
大國 - Big nation
Number–Measure
Numbers often appear directly before nouns, measure verbs may be excluded unlike in Modern Chinese.
Number measures may seem like number noun phrases but they are not.
Number noun/noun phrases examples:
1. 一人 - one person
2. 二日 - two days
3. 三馬 - three horses
二日不食 - [Someone] did not eat for two days
Number measure (includes a verb):
1. 退五 - retreat five (paces)
2. 拜二 - bow twice
3. 行百里者半九十 - [One who] travels 100 li considers 90 as halfway.
In honour of it being the National Cookie day and me being a cookie fiend, here are some of the most common cookie and cookie adjacent foods in chinese. Happy Cookie Day!
曲奇 - qūqí - cookie but more of a western-style cookie meaning
饼干 - Bǐnggān - cookies in general, inc crackers etc.
橄榄帕玛森芝士曲奇 - Gǎnlǎn pà mǎ sēn zhīshì qū qí - Olive parmesan cookies (10000/10, they are absolutely delicious)
冰淇淋饼干 - bīngqílín bǐnggān - ice cream cookies (not exactly a cookie, it's more so the icecream wafer but in the spirit of keeping it cookie adjacent, it shall remain in the list)
柠檬蓝莓饼干 - níngméng lánméi bǐnggān - lemon blueberry cookies
焦糖曲奇 - Jiāo táng qū qí - caramel cookie
糖霜饼干 - tángshuāng bǐnggān - sugar cookies
咖喱曲奇饼干 - gālí qū qí bǐnggān - curry cookies
咖啡饼干 -kāfēi bǐnggān - coffee cookies
接骨木花饼干 - jiēgǔ mù huā bǐnggān - elderflower cookies
薄荷巧克力曲奇 - bòhé qiǎokèlì qū qí - mint chocolate chip
橙子饼干 - chéngzǐ bǐnggān - orange cookies
杏仁玫瑰曲奇 - xìngrén méiguī qūqí - almond rose cookie
红豆曲奇 - hóngdòu qūqí - red bean cookie
开心果饼干 - kāixīn guǒ bǐnggān - pistachio cookie
枫糖培根曲奇 - fēngtáng péigēn qūqí - maple bacon cookie (these are indeed an interesting thing. I tried them and still remain uncertain as to what I feel about them)
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I did a post earlier about Classical Chinese, so here are some learning resources that can come in handy
Textbooks:
Fuller, Michael A. An Introduction to Literary Chinese.
Kroll, Paul W., et al., comp. A Student’s Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese.
Rouzer, Paul. A New Practical Primer of Literary Chinese
Yuan, Naiying, Hai-tao Tang, and James Geiss. Classical Chinese: A Basic Reader in Three Volumes.
Grammar:
Detailed and more in-depth grammar and structure explanations
Study Texts:
Guwendao Has a vast resources of different texts to study and read
A very interesting collection of texts from Korea at the time when Classical Chinese was used there.
https://gimpomunhwa.or.kr/index.do
https://gimpomunhwa.or.kr/html/site/gimpo/jungbong/edition/original/record/contents_19_05.html
A collection of various translated different texts
Translated annals text collection of the Ming China emperors
Collection of texts, you can easily search up specific ones
Online reader for texts
Other resources:
Dictionary: One of the few online dictionaries that I know of for Classical-Chinese to English translations. Also includes texts with English translations below, so quite useful for studying
It's interesting how there'll still be a relatively large language gap when it comes to learning languages (Chinese in my case) despite studying for a while. Watching movies with Chinese subtitles is a lesson in itself as I keep learning new vocab and phrases that I never even knew were a thing.
E.g.: 告辞 (Gàocí) is apparently a relatively common way of saying goodbye/I'm leaving/I'll take my leave now, usually used in polite or formal settings which is something I will be adding to my vocab
Here's a breakdown of 寺, which is found in quite a lot of characters:
寺 - sì - temple, monastery (usually Buddhist meaning)
等 - děng - to wait, equal, by the time
特 - tè - speical, unique, very
持 - chí - to sustain, support, manage, control
待 - dài - to wait, treat, deal with
诗 - shī - poetry, poem, prose
侍 - shì - to serve, attend to
恃 - shì - to rely on, depend
Whether you're looking for a site to help you master the stroke order, or if you're trying to compare characters across different languages, here are some useful sources for character explanations, radical breakdowns, actual examples, character evolutions from Warring States up until now, and many other interesting options.
This one is pretty good for character explanation, radical breakdown and examples e.g. where this character can be found, in what text etc. Only thing to note is that while you can change the interface language to English, the actual explanation is in Traditional Chinese, so something to keep in mind. https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/
2. Good for a phonetic breakdown of a character, including Hanyu, Hakka, Yale, Wade etc. Includes different fonts for comparison, and even a calligraphy option which makes me quite happy. https://www.cns11643.gov.tw/
3. Also good for showing the character stroke order and in-depth examples from actual literary works. Includes explanations from Kangxi and 说文解字 -Shuowen Jiezi (the original Han dynasty dictionary showing the actual seal script characters), so quite useful all in all. https://www.zdic.net/
漢典 | 漢語字典, 漢語詞典, 康熙字典, 說文解字, 音韻方言, 字源字形, 異體字
4. Baidu. Self-explanatory but honestly very useful. Just input the character and an entire page dedicated to this character will pop-up.
5. This also includes the same features as other sources e.g. character stroke order, pronounciation, radical breakdown etc, but what is particularly handy here is the option to compare the same character between Mainland, Taiwanese, Hong Kong, Japanese and Korean characters: https://hanzi.unihan.com.cn/CJKCompare
6. Fantastic for showing the evolution of characters, from Warring States Period to the current font, not to mention the different pronounciations available. Highly recommend. https://zi.tools/
7. Includes the standard radical breakdown and examples, but also the pronounciation of the characters using various different dialects in Taiwan, which is quite interesting as up until now I didn't find any sources that included this. https://pedia.cloud.edu.tw/
8. This is more so for Oracle Bone and Bronze script characters, which are honestly quite fasinating. Definitely a favourite database of mine. The explanations are written in Traditional Chinese but mostly in relatively straightforward language so using a translation software is no issue. https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/
Chinese Magazine, Newspaper, and other Publication Reading Resources
I've been exploring various reading resources online. While graded readers and texts are useful, they can get a bit repetitive so here are some publications and sources you might find useful.
Economics/Business focus
If interested in economics or trying to improve your business vocab try: 21Jingji. They also have quite an interesting Culture and Opinion column. https://www.21jingji.com/
https://www.yicai.com/
https://cn.nikkei.com/. This however requires a subscription for some articles.
Reading
Book or literature commentary/recommendations. Especially useful if you're branching out or interested in Chinese literature and need something to add to your reading list. https://www.thepaper.cn/list_26878.
https://www.zymk.cn/ For manhua enthusiasts, quite a large selection available.
https://www.chinawriter.com.cn/ For writers and also readers. Good for reading commentary, getting book recommendations
https://www.chinawriter.com.cn/404022/index.html a supplementary gazette to the previous source
Fashion/Lifestyle
In traditional Chinese but still relevant https://popbee.com/
https://www.vogue.com.cn/
https://lifestylecn.com/zh-cn
https://www.milkx.com/zh/ It appears that the Simplified Chinese version isn't being regularly updated, so Traditional version is most up to date.
https://www.rayli.com.cn/
Culture
Lifeweek. Quite a lot of interesting topics, I recently read about Osmanthus wine from Jiangnan and learned about the fermenting techniques.
https://www.meishichina.com/ Anything and everything food related including a vast range of different recepies and news. 1000% recommend.
https://culture.chineseplus.net/ A cool website to explore different parts of Chinese culture in small video tidbits. So this technically is more listening and watching, but I had to include it here.
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This time, it's 雨's turn and as it turns out the majority of characters mentioned here are all water/rain/weather related.
雨 - yǔ - rain
露 - lù - dew
雪 - xuě - snow
雰 - fēn - mist, fog, air
雲 - yún - cloud. This is actually the traditional form of 云, but I wanted to include it as it provides an interesting pictographic meaning.
零 - líng - the number 0
雾 - wù - fog, mist, vapor
霁 jì - this is a verb which refers to the stopping of snowfall or rain and the clearing of the sky. Quite a poetic/literary meaning.
霞 - xiá - rosy clouds, the glow that happens in the evening or morning
雷 - léi - thunder
需 - xū - to need, require, needs, necessity
漏 - lòu - a leak, hole, can also mean a weak point/aspect of something
澐 - yún - large waves on a river. It's commonly used in 混混沄沄/ 混混沄沄, (hùn hùn yún yún) to mean the surging and rolling of water, the continuous and uninterrupted state of things.
蕾 - lěi - flower bud, unopened flower, bud
霉 - méi - mildew, mold, moldy
霄 - xiāo - used to refer to wet snow mixed with rain
霆 - tíng - thunderbold, lightning
震 zhèn - to shake, quake, also has the colloquial meaning of over-excitement
霈 - pèi - heavy rain
霍 - huò - adverb meaning speed or suddenness
霎 - shà - this has the meanings of a very short time e.g. an instant, a quick moment. Also has the meaning of a light drizzle, used as onomoatopeia for falling rain: 霎霎
霏 - fēi - snow falling quickly and heavily, but also can be used to describe dense smoke and clouds
霓 - ní - this is known as a secondary rainbow that which you can sometimes faintly see next to the main rainbow.
霖 - lín - continuous rain
霙 - yīng - sleet, snowflakes
擂 - lèi - to grind, polish (mortar and pestle context), strike or beat (beating a drum)
霜 - shuāng - frost, can also mean cake frosting
霝 - líng - rain drizzle, drops of rain
霭 - ǎi - commonly used in meteorology, meaning cloud or mist
霰 - xiàn - sleet, graupel
And here are some less common characters (including those found mainly in classical literature, those considered obsolete and never/very rarely used outside of specific context):
雩 - yú - offer sacrifice for rain
雯 - wén - cloud patterns, cloud color
雱 - pāng - heavy rain fall
雳 - lì - thunder, thunderclap, very loud thunder
屚 - lòu - a leak, hole, can also mean a weak point/aspect of something. This actually used to be the simplified form of 漏, but it became discontinued.
霐 - hóng - this is an ancient character which is no longer used all that often, but is primarily related to Daoist and Daoist literature, the meaning describing the appearance of being secluded
霒 yīn - this has the meaning of clouds covering/obscurring the sun or overcast weather. Very rarely used
霔 - zhù - timely and abundant rainfall
霕 - tún - used to describe the vast and enormous shape of clouds. Used quite often in Classical Chinese, rarely seen outside of this context though.
霤 - liù - usually means water flowing downwards e.g. water flowing down the gutter
霥- mèng - this character was used to describe the sound of thunder but is no longer used.
霦 - bīn - used to describe the vibrance and color of jade - 璘霦 (línbīn)
霮 - dàn - often used in classical literature, this means dense clouds or heavy dew
靎 - hè - this character apparently means "crane" and is very rarely found outside mythology
Chinese has many everyday phrases built on this pattern, like 输不起 and 舍不得. They can be confusing as some are literal verb phrases e.g. 忘不了(unable to forget), whereas some don't have the exact same meaning e.g. 了不得 (amazing or incredible).
Here are some of the most common ones:
看不起 - kàn bu qǐ/瞧不起 - qiáo bu qǐ - to look down on, disdainful, to despise, to think little of
Example: 别看不起别人 - Don't look down on other people
买不起 - mǎi bu qǐ - can't afford to buy
Example: 这房子太贵了，我买不起 - This house is too expensive, I can’t afford it.
输不起 - shū bu qǐ - can't afford to lose, can't accept defeat/losing, a sore loser
Example: 他输不起，会生气 - He can’t handle losing, he gets angry.
伤不起 - shāng bu qǐ - can't afford to get hurt but also has the meaning of unbearable, something being just the worst
Example: 最近工作太累了，真的伤不起 - Work’s been exhausting lately, I really can’t take it anymore/can't bear it
对不起 - duì bu qǐ - sorry, to let someone down
Example: 对不起，我迟到了 - Sorry, I’m late.
玩不起 - wán bu qǐ - can't afford to play, can't handle the consequences/stakes
Example: 你要是玩不起，就别开始 - If you can't handle it, don't start.
了不起 - liǎo bu qǐ - amazing, impressive, remarkable etc
Example: 他每天五点起床跑步，了不起。He runs every morning at five, that’s admirable.
惹不起 - rě bu qǐ - can't afford to provoke, don't dare to mess with someone/anger someone
Example: 这种客户太难搞，我惹不起 - Clients like this are too difficult, I don't dare to get involved with them/mess with them.
忍不住 - rěn bu zhù - can't help but do something, can't bear
Example: 那只猫忍不住坐在我刚叠好的衣服上 - That cat can't help but sit on my freshly folded laundry.
憋不住 - biē bu zhù - can't hold back
Example: 他憋不住秘密 - He can’t keep a secret.
戳不住 - chuō bu zhù - can't bear, can't stand firm, slang meaning of being incapable/incompetent of doing something
Example: 他戳不住别人说他 - He can’t handle people criticizing him.
Examples: 这顿饭十块钱打不住 - Ten yuan definitely won’t be enough for this meal.
打不住 - dǎ bu zhù - this has a few different meanings: 1. insufficient 2., something exceeding the standard/budget/limit 3. something is uncontrollable/can't be stopped
这么点时间打不住 - This amount of time isn’t enough.
这事要是打不住，就麻烦了 - If this situation can’t be brought under control, it’ll cause trouble.
Part 2 of the commonly used structure with some examples:
忘不了 - wàng bu liǎo - can't forget, unforgettable
她对我的帮助，我忘不了 - I’ll never forget her help.
那种感觉真的忘不了 - That feeling is unforgettable.
受不了 - shòu bu liǎo - can’t stand it
这么热我真的受不了 - I really can’t stand this heat.
这种噪音我受不了 - I can’t stand this noise.
大不了 - dà bu liǎo - at worst/worst case scenario, no big deal
大不了重来一次 - At worst, we’ll just do it again.
大不了不去了 - Worst case, we just won’t go.
少不了 - shǎo bu liǎo - inevitable, unavoidable, indispensable
这顿饭少不了辣椒 - This meal needs chili, it's indispensable.
用不了 - yòng bu liǎo - can’t be used/ isn't needed by that much
这些资料用不了 - These materials won’t be used.
这么多时间用不了 - That much time isn't needed.
算不了 - suàn bu liǎo - doesn’t count/ not a big deal, isn't worthy [of]
一次失败算不了什么 - One failure doesn’t mean much.
短不了 - duǎn bu liǎo - 1. indispensable 2. something that inevitably happens
植物短不了阳光 - Plants can’t exist without sunlight.
管不了 - guǎn bu liǎo - unable to control something
有些事情真的管不了 - Some things just can’t be controlled.
过不去 - guò bu qù - can't get through something, someone making things difficult for others
门太窄，搬不过去 - The door’s too narrow, it won’t fit through.
你别跟我过不去- Don’t make life difficult for me.
下不来 - xià bu lái - can’t step down, can’t climb down
他面子上下不来 - He can’t back down because of pride.
话都说出口了,下不来了 - I already said it, I can’t take it back.
划不来 - huá bu lái - not worth it
这么贵，真的划不来 - It’s so expensive, it's just not worth it.
来回跑一趟太麻烦了，划不来 - Going back and forth is too much trouble, it's simply not worth it.
合不来 - hé bu lái - can’t get along
我们性格不一样合不来 - Our personalities are different, we don’t get along.
他跟同事合不来 - He doesn’t get along with his coworkers.
来不得 - lái bu dé - not allowed, [something] can’t be done because it's impermissible. This is more so used to emphasize certain important rules and norms.
安全问题来不得半点大意 - Safety issues can't be taken lightly.
工作中来不得开玩笑 - There’s no joking around at work (joking around is not allowed).
了不得 - liǎo bu dé - extraordinary, serious, impressive
他才十岁就会三种语言，真了不得 - He’s only ten and already speaks three languages, that’s incredible.
你一个人完成这个项目，太了不得了 - You finished this project alone, that’s really impressive.
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火 - huǒ - fire
炎 - yán - flame, inflammation
焱 - yàn - blazing flames
燚 - yì - intense fire
火炎焱燚 - huǒyán yàn yì - slang meaning something popular, trending
淡 - dàn - light, mild
毯 - tǎn - blanket, rug
痰 - tán - phlegm
啖 - dàn - to eat, to devour
欻 - chuā - onomatopoeia for footsteps
餤 - dàn - to eat
谈 - tán - to talk, discuss
婒 - tán - this isn't a very commonly used character, but it was used in female names
锬 - tán - a type of long spear
醈 - tán - this refers to wines or vinegars with weak flavours
Part 3 of the commonly used structure with some examples:
巴不得 - bā bu dé - can’t wait to do something/wish to do something
我巴不得回家 - I can’t wait to go home.
我巴不得明天就放假 - I can't wait for tomorrow to be a holiday.
怪不得 - guài bu dé - no wonder
他考试考得很好，怪不得他今天这么高兴 - He did really well on the exam, no wonder he’s so happy today.
恨不得 - hèn bu dé - wish to do something, the implication here is that you wish to do something but can't actually do it due to limitations or obstacles.
我恨不得现在就放假了 - I wish it was vacation already.
她恨不得一天有四十八小时 - She wishes there were forty-eight hours in a day.
容不得 - róng bu dé - unable to tolerate, [something] is not allowed, unacceptable
这种行为容不得 - This kind of behavior is not acceptable.
由不得 - yóu bu dé - something is beyond one’s control, external conditions don’t allow it
这事由不得我 - This isn’t up to me.
工作安排由不得个人决定 - Work arrangements aren’t decided by individuals
做不到 - zuò bu dào - can’t do, unable to accomplish
这件事我真的做不到 - I really can’t do this.
我已经尽力了，真的做不到更好了 - I’ve tried my best, but I really can’t do any better.
得不到 - dé bu dào - can’t obtain, can’t get something
有些答案永远得不到 - Some answers will never be obtained.
有些机会错过了就得不到了 - Some opportunities, once missed, will never be obtained again.
差不点 - chà bu diǎn - almost, nearly
我差不点迟到了 - I almost arrived late.
他差不点说漏嘴 - He almost let it slip.
左不过 - zuǒ bu guò - at most, nothing more than
左不过是误会，说清楚就好了 - It’s nothing more than a misunderstanding, it'll be fine once it's explained clearly.
左不过再试一次 - At worst, we'll just try again.
拗不过 - niù bu guò - can’t win against, can’t resist (someone’s insistence)
老板坚持要改方案，我们拗不过 - The boss insisted on changing the plan, we couldn’t push back.
她太固执了，谁都拗不过她 - She's too stubborn, no one can persuade her otherwise.
抹不开 - mò bu kāi - too embarrassed to refuse, feel awkward
大家都看着，我有点抹不开 - Everyone was watching , I felt awkward
择不开 - zhái bu kāi - unable to untangle, can’t separate, can't sort out
这事太复杂，我一时择不开 - This matter is too complicated, I can’t sort it out right now.
吃不开 - chī bu kāi - not well received, unpopular
这种做法现在已经吃不开了 - That approach isn't accepted anymore/ it's not popular anymore.
这种态度在哪儿都吃不开 - That kind of attitude won't get you anywhere.
行不通 - xíng bu tōng - won’t work, not feasible
不努力想成功，是行不通的 - Trying to succeed without effort won’t work.
不沟通想解决问题，是行不通的 - Trying to solve problems without communication won’t work.
远不及 - yuǎn bu jí - far less than, nowhere near (used for comparison)
这家店的服务远不及那家好 - This store’s service is far worse than that one’s.
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