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CĂ©lĂ©brons les jours de lâHĂ©gire (13/06/2026).Louange Ă Allah ï·», nous arrivons Ă la fin de notre annĂ©e hĂ©girienne. Câest le moment oĂč nous parlons vĂ©ritablement de « nouvelle annĂ©e », selon le calendrier hĂ©girien. Dans le calendrier islamique, nos calculs se fondent sur le calendrier hĂ©girien. Tous nos actes dâadoration sây conforment. Ces jours sont donc des jours bĂ©nis. Avant que le jeĂ»ne duâŠ
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Aidkoum Mubarak đč
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Bismillahir-Rahmanir-RahimSultan ul Awliya Mawlana Cheikh Nazim al-Haqqani Hz Qaddas Allahu sirrahu đč Juma MubarakSouvenez-vous de votre Seigneur en ces jours sacrĂ©s,Lefke, le 12 novembre 2010(Mawlana Shaykh se lĂšve) Labbayk Allahuma labbayk ! Labbayk Allah shareeka laka ! Labbayk ! Inna âl-hamda wa niamata, laka wa âl-mulk, la shareeka lak ! « Me voici Ă Ton service, ĂŽ Allah ! Me voici Ă TonâŠ
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Allahumma salli wa sallim wa bÄrik âalÄ Sayyidina Muhammadin, Sayyidina SaâÄd Allah ï·ș, kama annahu áž„abÄ«buka al-mukhtÄr, wa nĆ«ru âarshika al-azhar.Wa salli wa sallim wa bÄrik Allahumma âalÄ Sayyidina Muhammadin, Sayyidina SaâÄd al-Khalq ï·ș, wa âalÄ Älihi wa áčŁaáž„bihi ajmaâÄ«n.Inda wilÄdatin Seyyiduna nabiyyi ï·ș, in fataáž„a zamÄnu as-saâÄdati âalÄ al-aráži, wa azhara kullu al-khalqi binĆ«ri áž„uážĆ«rih, waâŠ
Allahumma salli wa sallim wa bÄrik âalÄ Sayyidina Muhammadin, Sayyidina SaâÄd Allah ï·ș, kama annahu áž„abÄ«buka al-mukhtÄr, wa nĆ«ru âarshika al-azhar.
Wa salli wa sallim wa bÄrik Allahumma âalÄ Sayyidina Muhammadin, Sayyidina SaâÄd al-Khalq ï·ș, wa âalÄ Älihi wa áčŁaáž„bihi ajmaâÄ«n.
Inda wilÄdatin Seyyiduna nabiyyi ï·ș, in fataáž„a zamÄnu as-saâÄdati âalÄ al-aráži, wa azhara kullu al-khalqi binĆ«ri áž„uážĆ«rih, wa fariáž„at al-mamlakatu al-áž„ayawÄniyyah bima jÄ«âih, wa iáčmaâannat qulĆ«bu al-maáșlĆ«mÄ«n wa insharaáž„at wa wajadat as-saâÄdah âinda áșuhĆ«ri nĆ«ri Seyyiduna RasĆ«lillÄh ï·ș. Seyyidina Rahmatan lilâalamin ï·ș.
Allahumma salli âala Sayyidina Muhammadin wa âala aali Sayyidina Muhammadin wa sallim
FÄ« hÄdhÄ al-Äkhir az-ZamÄn wa li-abadan abadÄ«yyan, jâalnÄ min ahl as-saâÄdah, ya Rabbi, arzuqna saâÄdah naqiyyah lÄ shawÄâiba fÄ«hÄ, saâÄdah lÄ yudrikuhÄ baâdahÄ áž„uzn wa lÄ yuláž„iquhÄ taâkÄ«r.
Ya Rabbana, ijâalna min âibÄdika al-âÄliyyÄ«n fÄ« áž„aážratika al-IlÄhiyya. WajâalnÄ min muáž„ibbÄ« wa at-tÄbiâÄ« aáž„abb khalqika fÄ« áž„aážratika, Sayyidina Muhammad ibn âAbd Allah ï·ș, nĆ«rin min nĆ«ri LlÄh, áčŁallÄ LlÄhu âalayhi wa sallam.
Allahumma salli âala Sayyidina Muhammadin wa âala aali Sayyidina Muhammadin wa sallim
Ya Rabbi, wa nahnu waqifuna âala babi Ghar as-Saâadah, nasâaluka bi-tawaduâ wa shawqâan taâdhana lana bid-dukhul bi-rahmatika. Wa an turina al-haqaâiq al-makhfiyyah, wa an tajâalana min ahl as-saâadah wal-khidmah, wa an tajmaâana tahta nazari Imam Mahdi âalayhi s-salam, muhatin bi-Awliyaâika wa anwar Sayyidina Muhammad ï·ș, al Hadi 'ala Tariq as Sa'adah ï·ș.
Allahumma salli âala Sayyidina Muhammadin wa âala aali Sayyidina Muhammadin wa sallim
Wa ajâalna ya Rabbi fi hadhihi az-zaman, wa fi kulli zaman, tahta liwaâi Mawlana Imam Mahdi âalayhi s-salam, wa bi-nazarihi wa riâayatihi wa fi hadratihi, maâa awliyaâika al-muqarrabin, wa bi-hubbihi wa khidmatihi, li-nakuna ahl as-saâadah fi zamanihi wa fi zaman Sayyidina Muhammad ï·ș, Mawlana 'ayn as Sa'adah ï·ș.
Allahumma salli âala Sayyidina Muhammadin wa âala aali Sayyidina Muhammadin wa sallim
Waâjal ya Rabbana an nakuna masdaran lis-saâadah wa surur li shuyukhina al-kiram wa li Mawlana wa Nabiyyina wa Habibina wa Seyyiduna Ahmad Mahmud Muhammad al-Mustafa ï·ș, wa li Seyyiduna Muhammad al Mahdi, âalayhi s-salam, Sahib az-zaman, Sahib al Unsur, âalayhi s-salam, bi fadhlika wa faizika al-âAzim ya Dhal-Jalali wal-Jamali wal-Baqaâi wal-âAzamati wal-Ikram.
Allahumma salli âala Sayyidina Muhammadin wa âala aali Sayyidina Muhammadin wa sallim
Waâjal ya Rabbana min ghayz al-âaduwwin al-mubin an yarmee al-turab âala raâsihi, kama qulta wa qawluka al-haqq: â wa masaluhum fil Injili ka zarâin akhraja shatâahĆ« fa azarahĆ« fastaghlaza fa stawa âala sĆ«qihi yuâjibu az zurraâa li-yagheetha bihimul kuffaraâŠ
Allahumma salli âala Sayyidina Muhammadin wa âala aali Sayyidina Muhammadin wa sallim
Ya Rabbana, kaifa wasalu ila ghayatihim, alladhina qad wasalu?
Wa ajaba al-khitab al-ilahi: «
Waâada Allahu alladhina amanu wa âamilu as-salihat
minhum maghfiratan wa ajran âazima !
minhum maghfiratan wa ajran âazima !
minhum maghfiratan wa ajran âazima !
Allahumma salli âala Sayyidina Muhammadin wa âala aali Sayyidina Muhammadin wa sallimu taslima daĂźman abada.
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Royal Ottoman Society's blog articles:
L'Empire ottoman en Afrique : au-delĂ du racisme
27 février 2026
Les relations entre l'Empire ottoman et l'Afrique constituent l'un des chapitres les plus complexes et souvent mal compris de l'histoire tant africaine qu'islamique. Contrairement aux discours simplistes qui dépeignent les Ottomans comme intrinsÚquement racistes, un examen plus approfondi révÚle un systÚme sophistiqué au sein duquel des Africains ont accédé à des postes de pouvoir, d'influence et d'autorité considérables à travers tout l'empire. Cette histoire remet en question les idées reçues modernes et révÚle une réalité plus nuancée de la race, du pouvoir et des opportunités dans le monde moderne.
Les premiÚres relations entre les Ottomans et l'Afrique : diplomatie et échanges
Le premier engagement significatif de l'Empire ottoman avec l'Afrique s'est fait par le biais de missions diplomatiques plutĂŽt que par la conquĂȘte.
En 1574, une ambassade extraordinaire de lâEmpire du Bornou (situĂ© dans lâactuel nord-est du Nigeria) arriva Ă Istanbul aprĂšs avoir parcouru plus de 4 000 kilomĂštres. Cette visite historique de la dĂ©lĂ©gation du Bornou, menĂ©e par lâĂ©rudit El-Hajj Yusuf, marqua le dĂ©but de relations diplomatiques durables entre les Ottomans et les royaumes africains soudanais.
Lâambassade du Bornou dĂ©montra la volontĂ© des Ottomans de sâengager avec les Ătats africains sur un pied dâĂ©galitĂ©. Le sultan Murad III rĂ©pondit en envoyant sa propre dĂ©lĂ©gation Ă Ngazargamu, la capitale du Bornou, en 1578. Ces Ă©changes nâĂ©taient pas purement protocolaires ; ils donnaient lieu Ă des nĂ©gociations sĂ©rieuses concernant les routes commerciales, les diffĂ©rends territoriaux dans la rĂ©gion du Fezzan, au sud de la Libye, et la coopĂ©ration militaire. Les chroniques du Bornou de cette pĂ©riode rĂ©vĂšlent le respect dont jouissaient ces souverains africains ; le chroniqueur Aáž„mad ibn FuráčĆ« Ă©crit ainsi que « tous les sultans sont infĂ©rieurs au sultan du Bornou » lorsquâil dĂ©crit lâaccueil rĂ©servĂ© Ă la dĂ©lĂ©gation ottomane.
Commandement militaire : généraux et commandants africains
Lâune des rĂ©futations les plus convaincantes du discours raciste rĂ©side dans la place prĂ©pondĂ©rante occupĂ©e par les Africains au sein du commandement militaire ottoman. Contrairement aux pratiques de sĂ©grĂ©gation raciale des empires europĂ©ens, les Ottomans nommaient rĂ©guliĂšrement des Africains Ă des postes de commandement militaire de haut rang et Ă des fonctions stratĂ©giques.
Hadji Besher (1657-1746) est sans doute lâexemple le plus remarquable du pouvoir africain dans lâEmpire ottoman. En tant que grand eunuque de la cour impĂ©riale ottomane pendant une durĂ©e sans prĂ©cĂ©dent de 29 ans, Besher exerçait une autoritĂ© qui rivalisait avec celle du grand vizir ottoman lui-mĂȘme.
Les archives historiques montrent quâil avait le pouvoir de « choisir les vizirs et de rĂ©voquer ceux avec lesquels il ne souhaitait pas travailler », contrĂŽlant ainsi de facto la nomination des plus hauts fonctionnaires de lâempire.
Ce qui rend lâhistoire de Besher particuliĂšrement fascinante, câest quâil est issu du systĂšme brutal de la traite transsaharienne des esclaves. ArrachĂ© Ă son foyer en Abyssinie (lâĂthiopie actuelle) alors quâil nâĂ©tait quâun jeune garçon, il a survĂ©cu Ă la castration â pratiquĂ©e par des marchands dâesclaves, et non par les Ottomans â et sâest hissĂ© au rang de lâune des figures les plus influentes de lâempire. Son influence sâĂ©tendait bien au-delĂ des murs du palais :
Il supervisait les mécénats religieux impériaux à Médine et à La Mecque
Il a financĂ© des bibliothĂšques et des Ă©coles coraniques dans tout lâempire
Il a activement promu les ordres soufis Ă une Ă©poque oĂč les mouvements puritains cherchaient Ă les rĂ©primer
Il a construit des mosquĂ©es, des bibliothĂšques, des auberges et des madrasas Ă Bursa, Izmir, en Ăgypte, en Roumanie, Ă La Mecque et Ă Istanbul
Il a fondĂ© la premiĂšre papeterie de lâempire
Il a laissĂ© derriĂšre lui une vaste collection de livres conservĂ©s Ă la bibliothĂšque SĂŒleymaniye dâIstanbul
La professeure Jane Hathaway le dĂ©crit comme « un maĂźtre musulman sunnite, un homme dâĂtat, un soufi et un passionnĂ© de livres qui est arrivĂ© au palais ottoman en tant quâesclave eunuque », mais qui a laissĂ© une empreinte indĂ©lĂ©bile dans lâhistoire. Son hĂ©ritage architectural est encore visible aujourdâhui Ă Istanbul, notamment la mosquĂ©e Haji Bashir Agha construite en 1745 et de nombreuses fontaines Ă travers la ville.
Autorité religieuse : érudits et chefs religieux africains
L'Empire ottoman a offert aux Africains des opportunités sans précédent d'accéder à des postes d'autorité religieuse et de prestige intellectuel. Contrairement aux puissances coloniales européennes qui dénigraient souvent les traditions intellectuelles africaines, les Ottomans ont reconnu et encouragé l'érudition africaine.
Ahmad IdrĂŹs al-SinnĂ rÄ« (nĂ© en 1746) incarne cette mobilitĂ© intellectuelle. NĂ© dans le royaume du Funj (actuel Soudan), al-SinnĂ rÄ« a beaucoup voyagĂ© pour ses Ă©tudes, passant par le YĂ©men et lâĂgypte avant de sâinstaller Ă Istanbul et Ă Alep. Son parcours tĂ©moigne des rĂ©seaux intellectuels qui reliaient lâEmpire ottoman Ă lâAfrique soudanaise.
De mĂȘme, Ali al-Qus (nĂ© en 1788), originaire de la rĂ©gion de Funj, a Ă©tudiĂ© Ă Al-Azhar au Caire avant dâentreprendre de longs voyages qui lâont conduit en Syrie, en CrĂšte, dans le Hedjaz, au YĂ©men et Ă Istanbul. Ces Ă©rudits ont maintenu des liens avec leur terre natale tout en contribuant Ă la tradition intellectuelle islamique au sens large dans le cadre ottoman.
Au XIXe siĂšcle, Muhammad Salma al-Zurruq (nĂ© en 1845) de DjennĂ© (actuel Mali) incarne la poursuite de ces Ă©changes intellectuels. Issu dâune famille de chefs, al-Zurruq a beaucoup voyagĂ©, se rendant notamment Ă Istanbul oĂč il a rencontrĂ© Muhammad Zhafir al-Madani, fils du fondateur de lâinfluent ordre soufi Madaniyya. GrĂące Ă ses relations, il obtint des documents de voyage garantissant un passage sĂ»r Ă travers les territoires ottomans, ce qui tĂ©moigne du respect et de lâautoritĂ© dont jouissaient les Africains au sein du systĂšme impĂ©rial.
Excellence administrative : gouverneurs et fonctionnaires africains
Le systĂšme administratif de lâEmpire ottoman offrait aux Africains des voies dâaccĂšs Ă la gouvernance des provinces et Ă la gestion des affaires impĂ©riales. Contrairement aux barriĂšres raciales qui empĂȘchaient toute ascension sociale dans les systĂšmes coloniaux europĂ©ens, les Ottomans nommaient des Africains Ă des postes administratifs importants.
Dans le Sahara oriental et le bassin du lac Tchad, les fonctionnaires ottomans entretenaient des relations complexes avec les dirigeants africains. Lâempire envoyait des commissaires spĂ©ciaux et des gouverneurs qui travaillaient aux cĂŽtĂ©s des dirigeants locaux, crĂ©ant ainsi un systĂšme de domination indirecte qui respectait les structures politiques africaines tout en maintenant la suzerainetĂ© ottomane.
Sous le rĂšgne du sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909), les Ottomans intensifiĂšrent leur engagement auprĂšs des dirigeants africains dans le cadre de leur stratĂ©gie panislamique. Abdul Hamid, qui fit don dâune remarquable collection dâouvrages en turc ottoman, en persan et en arabe Ă la BibliothĂšque du CongrĂšs en 1884, chercha activement Ă nouer des alliances avec les dirigeants musulmans africains. La politique Ă©trangĂšre du sultan mettait lâaccent sur son rĂŽle de calife de tous les musulmans, et il accordait des honneurs et une reconnaissance Ă des personnalitĂ©s africaines de premier plan.
Les archives administratives de lâempire montrent que des fonctionnaires africains Ă©taient rĂ©guliĂšrement nommĂ©s pour superviser des provinces, gĂ©rer des routes commerciales et reprĂ©senter les intĂ©rĂȘts ottomans dans divers territoires africains. Ces nominations Ă©taient fondĂ©es sur le mĂ©rite et la loyautĂ©, et non sur lâorigine ethnique.
Partenariat économique : commerçants et entrepreneurs africains
Les relations Ă©conomiques entre les Ottomans et les Africains Ă©taient caractĂ©risĂ©es par un partenariat plutĂŽt que par lâexploitation. Alors que la traite transatlantique des esclaves impliquait lâesclavage racial, le systĂšme ottoman â bien quâil comportĂąt ses propres abus â offrait davantage dâopportunitĂ©s dâaffranchissement et dâascension sociale.
Les marchands africains opĂ©raient dans tout lâEmpire ottoman, Ă©tablissant des rĂ©seaux commerciaux qui reliaient les marchĂ©s mĂ©diterranĂ©ens aux marchĂ©s dâor, dâivoire et dâesclaves de lâAfrique subsaharienne. Contrairement au systĂšme colonial europĂ©en qui exploitait les ressources sans en faire profiter la population locale, le commerce ottoman-africain reposait sur des Ă©changes mutuels et le partage des bĂ©nĂ©fices.
Ce systĂšme Ă©conomique favorisait Ă©galement la mobilitĂ© sociale. De nombreux Africains entrĂ©s dans lâempire en tant quâesclaves ont pu acheter leur libertĂ©, crĂ©er des entreprises et accumuler des richesses. Certains sont devenus des marchands et des entrepreneurs prospĂšres, contribuant au dĂ©veloppement Ă©conomique des villes ottomanes.
Ăchanges culturels et influences mutuelles
Les relations entre les Ottomans et les Africains nâĂ©taient pas seulement politiques ou Ă©conomiques : elles Ă©taient profondĂ©ment culturelles. Les influences africaines ont enrichi lâart, la musique, la cuisine et la langue ottomanes, tandis que les pratiques administratives ottomanes et lâĂ©rudition islamique ont transformĂ© les sociĂ©tĂ©s africaines.
Les échanges culturels se sont déroulés à plusieurs niveaux :
⹠Art et architecture : les traditions artistiques africaines ont influencé les arts décoratifs ottomans, tandis que les styles architecturaux ottomans ont été adoptés dans les villes africaines.
âą Pratiques religieuses : la promotion de lâislam sunnite par les Ottomans sâest rĂ©pandue Ă travers les territoires africains, tandis que les traditions soufies africaines ont contribuĂ© Ă la diversitĂ© de la vie religieuse ottomane.
âą Ăchanges intellectuels : les Ă©rudits africains ont contribuĂ© Ă la vie intellectuelle ottomane, tandis que les Ă©tablissements dâenseignement ottomans ont formĂ© des Ă©tudiants africains qui sont retournĂ©s dans leur pays dâorigine en tant que dirigeants.
Remettre en question le discours colonial raciste
Les relations de lâEmpire ottoman avec lâAfrique remettent en question plusieurs hypothĂšses clĂ©s concernant la hiĂ©rarchie raciale dans le monde moderne :
La méritocratie plutÎt que le racisme :
les Ottomans promouvaient les individus en fonction du mĂ©rite, de la loyautĂ© et des capacitĂ©s, et non de lâorigine ethnique. Les Africains ont accĂ©dĂ© aux plus hautes fonctions de lâempire grĂące Ă leur excellence avĂ©rĂ©e.
De multiples voies d'accÚs au pouvoir : contrairement aux systÚmes européens qui limitaient les opportunités en fonction de la race, les Ottomans offraient aux Africains de multiples voies d'ascension, qu'elles soient militaires, religieuses, administratives ou économiques.
Respect culturel : les Ottomans reconnaissaient les traditions intellectuelles et les contributions culturelles africaines, au lieu de les rejeter comme inférieures.
Unité religieuse : le cadre islamique a fourni une base d'unité qui transcendait les divisions raciales, créant un systÚme plus inclusif que les empires coloniaux européens.
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Royal Ottoman Society's blog articles:
The Ottoman Empire in Africa: Beyond Racism
27.02.2026
The Ottoman Empireâs relationship with Africa represents one of the most complex and often misunderstood chapters in both African and Islamic history. Contrary to simplistic narratives that paint the Ottomans as inherently racist, a closer examination reveals a sophisticated system where Africans rose to positions of immense power, influence, and authority across the empire. This history challenges modern assumptions and reveals a more nuanced reality of race, power, and opportunity in the early modern world.
Early Ottoman-African Relations: Diplomacy and Exchange
The Ottoman Empireâs first significant engagement with Africa came through diplomatic missions rather than conquest.
In 1574, an extraordinary embassy from the Bornu Empire (located in modern northeastern Nigeria) arrived in Istanbul after traveling more than 4,000 kilometers. This historic visit by the Bornu delegation, led by scholar El-Hajj Yusuf, marked the beginning of sustained diplomatic relations between the Ottomans and Sudanic African kingdoms.
The Bornu embassy demonstrated the Ottomansâ willingness to engage with African states as equals. Sultan Murad III responded by sending his own delegation to Bornuâs capital at Ngazargamu in 1578. These exchanges were not merely ceremonial, they involved serious negotiations about trade routes, territorial disputes in the Fezzan region of southern Libya, and military cooperation. The Bornu chronicles of the period reveal the respect these African rulers commanded, with the chronicler Aáž„mad ibn FuráčĆ« writing that âall sultans are inferior to the Bornu sultanâ when describing the Ottoman delegationâs reception.
Military Leadership: African Generals and Commanders
One of the most powerful rebuttals to the racist narrative is the prominence of Africans in Ottoman military leadership. Unlike the racial segregationist practices of European empires, the Ottomans regularly appointed Africans to high military commands and strategic positions.
Hadji Besher (1657-1746) stands as perhaps the most remarkable example of African power in the Ottoman Empire. As Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman imperial court for an unprecedented 29 years, Besher wielded authority that rivaled that of the Ottoman grand vizier himself.
Historical records show that he had the power to âchoose viziers and dismiss those he didnât want to work with,â effectively controlling the appointment of the empireâs highest officials.
What makes Besherâs story particularly compelling is that he emerged from the brutal system of the trans-Saharan slave trade. Torn from his home in Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia) as a young boy, he survived castrationâperformed by slave traders, not the Ottomansâand rose to become one of the most influential figures in the empire. His influence extended far beyond the palace walls:
He supervised imperial religious patronages in Medina and Mecca
Sponsored libraries and Qurâan schools throughout the empire
Actively promoted Sufi orders during a period when puritanical movements sought to suppress them
Built mosques, libraries, inns, and madrasas in Bursa, Izmir, Egypt, Romania, Mecca, and Istanbul
Established the empireâs first paper mill
Left behind a vast collection of books preserved in the Suleymaniye Library in Istanbul
Professor Jane Hathaway describes him as âa Sunni Muslim master, a statesman, a Sufi, and a book lover who came to the Ottoman palace as a gelding slaveâ yet left an indelible mark on history. His architectural legacy still stands in Istanbul today, including the Haji Bashir Agha Mosque built in 1745 and numerous fountains throughout the city.
Religious Authority: African Scholars and Religious Leaders
The Ottoman Empire provided unprecedented opportunities for Africans to rise to positions of religious authority and scholarly prestige. Unlike European colonial powers that often denigrated African intellectual traditions, the Ottomans recognized and promoted African scholarship.
Ahmad IdrÏs al-Sinnà rī (b. 1746) exemplifies this intellectual mobility. Born in the Funj kingdom (modern Sudan), al-Sinnà rī traveled extensively for his education, moving through Yemen and Egypt before settling in Istanbul and Aleppo. His journey represents the interconnected intellectual networks that bound the Ottoman Empire to Sudanic Africa.
Similarly, Ali al-Qus (b. 1788) from the Funj region studied at Al-Azhar in Cairo before embarking on extensive travels that took him through Syria, Crete, the Hijaz, Yemen, and Istanbul. These scholars maintained connections to their homelands while contributing to the broader Islamic intellectual tradition within the Ottoman framework.
During the 19th century, Muhammad Salma al-Zurruq (b. 1845) from Djenne (modern Mali) represents the continuing intellectual exchange. Born into a chiefly family, al-Zurruq traveled extensively, visiting Istanbul where he met Muhammad Zhafir al-Madani, son of the founder of the influential Madaniyya Sufi order. Through his connections, he obtained travel documents guaranteeing safe passage through Ottoman territories, demonstrating the respect and authority Africans commanded within the imperial system.
Administrative Excellence: African Governors and Officials
The Ottoman Empireâs administrative system provided pathways for Africans to govern provinces and manage imperial affairs. Unlike the racial barriers that prevented advancement in European colonial systems, the Ottomans appointed Africans to significant administrative positions.
In the eastern Sahara and the Lake Chad basin, Ottoman officials maintained complex relationships with African rulers. The empire sent special commissioners and governors who worked alongside local leaders, creating a system of indirect rule that respected African political structures while maintaining Ottoman suzerainty.
During the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909), the Ottomans intensified their engagement with African rulers as part of their pan-Islamic strategy. Abdul Hamid, who presented a remarkable collection of Ottoman Turkish, Persian, and Arabic works to the Library of Congress in 1884, actively sought alliances with African Muslim leaders. The sultanâs foreign policy emphasized his role as Caliph of all Muslims, and he extended honours and recognition to prominent African figures.
The empireâs administrative records show that African officials were regularly appointed to oversee provinces, manage trade routes, and represent Ottoman interests in various African territories. These appointments were based on merit and loyalty, not racial background.
Economic Partnership: African Traders and Entrepreneurs
Economic relations between the Ottomans and Africans were characterized by partnership rather than exploitation. While the trans-Atlantic slave trade involved racial chattel slavery, the Ottoman systemâthough involving its own abusesâprovided more opportunities for manumission and advancement.
African merchants operated throughout the Ottoman Empire, establishing trade networks that connected Mediterranean markets with sub-Saharan African gold, ivory, and slave markets. Unlike the European colonial system that extracted resources without local benefit, Ottoman-African trade involved mutual exchange and profit-sharing.
The economic system also allowed for social mobility. Many Africans who entered the empire as slaves were able to purchase their freedom, establish businesses, and accumulate wealth. Some became successful merchants and entrepreneurs, contributing to the economic development of Ottoman cities.
Cultural Exchange and Mutual Influence
The relationship between the Ottomans and Africans was not merely political or economicâit was deeply cultural. African influences enriched Ottoman art, music, cuisine, and language, while Ottoman administrative practices and Islamic scholarship transformed African societies.
Cultural exchange occurred at multiple levels:
âą Art and Architecture: African artistic traditions influenced Ottoman decorative arts, while Ottoman architectural styles were adopted in African cities.
âą Religious Practices: Ottoman promotion of Sunni Islam spread through African territories, while African Sufi traditions contributed to the diversity of Ottoman religious life.
âą Intellectual Exchange: African scholars contributed to Ottoman intellectual life, while Ottoman educational institutions trained African students who returned to their homelands as leaders.
Challenging the Colonial Racist Narrative
The Ottoman Empireâs relationship with Africa challenges several key assumptions about racial hierarchy in the early modern world:
Meritocracy Over Racism: The Ottomans promoted individuals based on merit, loyalty, and ability, not racial background. Africans rose to the highest positions in the empire through demonstrated excellence.
Multiple Pathways to Power: Unlike European systems that limited opportunity based on race, the Ottomans provided multiple pathways, military, religious, administrative, and economic, for Africans to advance.
Cultural Respect: The Ottomans recognized African intellectual traditions and cultural contributions, rather than dismissing them as inferior.
Religious Unity: The Islamic framework provided a basis for unity that transcended racial divisions, creating a more inclusive system than European colonial empires.
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Ramazan Bayramı â LâAĂŻd al-Fitr dans lâEmpire ottoman
16 mars 2026
La fĂȘte de lâAĂŻd al-Fitr â appelĂ©e Ramazan Bayramı â Ă©tait lâun des Ă©vĂ©nements les plus attendus de lâannĂ©e dans lâEmpire ottoman. Plus quâune fĂȘte religieuse marquant la fin du ramadan, elle devint une grande cĂ©lĂ©bration sociale qui rĂ©unissait lâautoritĂ© impĂ©riale, la culture urbaine et les traditions de quartier, alliant spiritualitĂ© et joie communautaire.
Au cĆur des cĂ©lĂ©brations ottomanes de lâAĂŻd se trouvait un rituel de cour trĂšs structurĂ©, centrĂ© sur le sultan. Ces cĂ©rĂ©monies Ă©taient organisĂ©es selon le protocole de cour remontant au rĂšgne du sultan Mehmed II, dont les codes juridiques dĂ©finissaient la maniĂšre dont les cĂ©rĂ©monies impĂ©riales devaient se dĂ©rouler.
La cĂ©lĂ©bration commençait la veille de la fĂȘte, connue sous le nom dâArife. Les prĂ©paratifs avaient lieu Ă lâintĂ©rieur du palais de Topkapı, oĂč les fonctionnaires installaient le trĂŽne cĂ©rĂ©moniel prĂšs de la Porte de la FĂ©licitĂ©. Le palais lui-mĂȘme Ă©tait illuminĂ© de torches et de lanternes pour marquer lâapproche de la fĂȘte.
Le matin de lâAĂŻd, le sultan accomplissait dâabord ses priĂšres dans la mosquĂ©e du palais ou prĂšs de la chambre oĂč Ă©taient conservĂ©es les reliques sacrĂ©es du prophĂšte Muhammad ï·ș. Ensuite, il montait sur un cheval richement dĂ©corĂ© et se rendait en procession solennelle vers lâune des mosquĂ©es impĂ©riales â souvent Sainte-Sophie ou la mosquĂ©e du sultan Ahmed â pour accomplir la priĂšre collective de lâAĂŻd.
La procession elle-mĂȘme Ă©tait un spectacle. Les chevaux Ă©taient parĂ©s de bijoux et dâor, les dignitaires portaient des vĂȘtements de soie raffinĂ©s et des turbans ornĂ©s de pierres prĂ©cieuses, et la fanfare militaire ottomane mehter accompagnait lâĂ©vĂ©nement.
AprĂšs la priĂšre, les hauts dignitaires â notamment le Grand Vizir, les Ă©rudits et les commandants militaires â sâapprochaient du sultan pour lui prĂ©senter leurs vĆux de fĂȘte. En retour, le sultan distribuait des cadeaux et des friandises, reflĂ©tant Ă la fois sa gĂ©nĂ©rositĂ© et la structure hiĂ©rarchique de lâĂtat.
Le palais cĂ©lĂ©brait la fĂȘte de maniĂšre officielle et somptueuse. Il sâagissait dâune affaire dâune grande solennitĂ© et dâune grande rigueur, car cela Ă©tait considĂ©rĂ© comme une forme de tecdid-i biat (renouvellement de lâallĂ©geance) et appelĂ© muayede merasimi (cĂ©rĂ©monie dâĂ©change des vĆux de lâAĂŻd). Une grande attention Ă©tait accordĂ©e au dĂ©roulement des cĂ©rĂ©monies, au maintien dâun niveau de participation Ă©levĂ© et Ă la garantie de la prĂ©sence des hommes dâĂtat Ă ces cĂ©rĂ©monies. Les hommes dâĂtat nâĂ©taient dispensĂ©s des cĂ©rĂ©monies que sâils Ă©taient gravement malades ou occupĂ©s par les affaires de lâĂtat ; ceux qui se trouvaient en province envoyaient leurs vĆux de lâAĂŻd au sultan par la poste, puis plus tard par tĂ©lĂ©graphe.
Des coups de canon Ă©taient parfois tirĂ©s depuis des navires sur le Bosphore pour annoncer la fĂȘte Ă la ville, transformant la cĂ©lĂ©bration en un spectacle public visible dans tout Istanbul.
La charitĂ© jouait un rĂŽle majeur dans les cĂ©lĂ©brations ottomanes de lâAĂŻd. Avant la fĂȘte, les musulmans â y compris le sultan lui-mĂȘme â distribuaient la zakat al-fitr, lâaumĂŽne obligatoire qui clĂŽt le ramadan. Des dons de cĂ©rĂ©ales, de dattes, dâargent ou de nourriture Ă©taient offerts aux pauvres afin que chacun puisse participer Ă la fĂȘte. Les soldats et les fonctionnaires recevaient des primes de fin dâannĂ©e, tandis que les prisonniers recevaient parfois des friandises, voire des grĂąces.
Les enfants pauvres recevaient souvent des vĂȘtements et des cadeaux, conformĂ©ment aux recommandations du prophĂšte Muhammad ï·ș, parfois lors dâĂ©vĂ©nements organisĂ©s en prĂ©sence du sultan. Ces gestes Ă©taient destinĂ©s non seulement Ă la charitĂ©, mais aussi Ă dĂ©montrer la bienveillance du souverain envers ses sujets.
Au sein des foyers, le chef de famille distribuait également des cadeaux aux serviteurs, aux ouvriers et aux personnes à charge en fonction de leur statut et de leurs années de service.
En dehors du palais, lâAĂŻd transformait les villes ottomanes en lieux de fĂȘte animĂ©s. Les gens se rassemblaient tĂŽt le matin dans les grandes mosquĂ©es ou sur les lieux de priĂšre en plein air appelĂ©s musallas. AprĂšs la priĂšre, la ville sâanimait de visites entre parents, voisins et amis.
De nombreuses coutumes associĂ©es Ă lâAĂŻd aujourdâhui trouvent leur origine chez les Ottomans ou ont Ă©tĂ© fortement influencĂ©es par eux, comme le fait de porter des vĂȘtements neufs pour la fĂȘte (appelĂ©s « bayramlık »), de rendre visite aux aĂźnĂ©s et de leur baiser la main en signe de respect, dâoffrir des bonbons ou des piĂšces de monnaie aux enfants, de dĂ©corer les mosquĂ©es de lumiĂšres, dâorganiser de grandes priĂšres publiques et de rendre visite aux voisins ou
en partageant des desserts et des repas de fĂȘte.
Les enfants jouaient un rĂŽle particuliĂšrement visible. Dans certaines villes, ils portaient des « bĂątons de fĂȘte » dĂ©corĂ©s de drapeaux et de petites lanternes, allant de maison en maison pour prĂ©senter leurs vĆux. Les marchĂ©s et les places publiques Ă©taient Ă©galement animĂ©s par des artistes tels que des musiciens, des magiciens et des animateurs qui donnaient des spectacles pour la foule. Le soir, les foires et les festivitĂ©s se prolongeaient parfois jusque tard dans la nuit dans les jardins des palais ou sur les places publiques, crĂ©ant une ambiance de carnaval.
L'une des traditions ottomanes les plus caractĂ©ristiques de l'AĂŻd Ă©tait celle des lumiĂšres mahya. Des lampes Ă©taient suspendues entre les minarets des mosquĂ©es pour former des mots ou des images lumineux cĂ©lĂ©brant la fĂȘte. Ces lumiĂšres affichaient souvent des messages tels que des priĂšres ou des vĆux et Ă©taient visibles Ă l'horizon d'Istanbul.
Les visiteurs de la ville les décrivaient comme si « les étoiles avaient été descendues du ciel ».
Les illuminations mahya restent aujourd'hui une tradition trÚs appréciée en Turquie.
Comme les sucreries Ă©taient si largement Ă©changĂ©es pendant la fĂȘte, lâAĂŻd al-Fitr est devenu populairement connu en turc sous le nom de Ćeker Bayramı, ce qui signifie « FĂȘte du sucre ». Les visiteurs se voyaient traditionnellement offrir dâabord des sucreries, puis du cafĂ© â une coutume qui existe encore dans de nombreuses rĂ©gions du monde musulman.
Certains historiens affirment quâĂ lâorigine, la fĂȘte Ă©tait appelĂ©e « ĆĂŒkĂŒr Bayramı », câest-Ă -dire « une fĂȘte pour rendre grĂące ». Les deux mots « ĆĂŒkĂŒr » (gratitude) et « Ćeker » (sucre) sâĂ©crivaient avec les mĂȘmes caractĂšres de lâalphabet ottoman et, avec le temps, la signification de la fĂȘte a donc Ă©tĂ© mal interprĂ©tĂ©e. Dâautres affirment que le nom provient de la tradition ottomane selon laquelle le palais offrait des plateaux de baklavas Ă ses soldats.
Une autre pratique ottomane courante consistait Ă se rendre au cimetiĂšre la veille ou le matin de lâAĂŻd. Les familles nettoyaient les tombes, rĂ©citaient le Coran et distribuaient des sucreries ou du pain en mĂ©moire de leurs proches dĂ©funts. Dans certains endroits, on allumait mĂȘme des bougies sur les tombes pour symboliser le souvenir et le lien spirituel.
LâAĂŻd renforçait Ă©galement les liens de voisinage. Des quartiers entiers organisaient des cĂ©lĂ©brations communautaires, partageant avec leurs voisins des mets tels que le halva, le pain et le sorbet. Les corporations, les marchands et les artisans participaient Ă©galement en dĂ©corant les rues et en organisant parfois des festivitĂ©s pour le public.
La participation du sultan Ă©tait au cĆur de la symbolique de lâAĂŻd. Son apparition publique lors de la procession et de la priĂšre dĂ©montrait quâil nâĂ©tait pas seulement un dirigeant politique, mais aussi le protecteur de lâislam et le chef de la communautĂ© musulmane. La chorĂ©graphie minutieuse des cĂ©rĂ©monies â salutations, distribution de cadeaux et processions â renforçait la loyautĂ© envers lâĂtat.
Certains sultans étaient particuliÚrement connus pour leurs célébrations festives généreuses. Sous certains rÚgnes, des divertissements publics, des compétitions sportives et des combats de lutte étaient organisés dans les jardins du palais pour divertir les invités et les sujets.
La fĂȘte servait non seulement de cĂ©lĂ©bration religieuse, mais aussi de moment oĂč lâautoritĂ© politique de lâempire, la hiĂ©rarchie sociale et lâesprit communautaire Ă©taient publiquement rĂ©affirmĂ©s.
Pour plus d'informations sur les cérémonies ottomanes, rendez-vous ici : https://istanbultarihi.ist/458-public-ceremonies-in-ottoman-istanbul
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ProcĂ©dure des wudu et de la priĂšre đč
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Ramazan Bayramı â Eid al-Fitr in the Ottoman Empire
16.03.2026
The festival of Eid al-Fitr â called Ramazan Bayramı â was one of the most anticipated events of the year in the Ottoman empire. More than a religious holiday marking the end of Ramadan, it became a grand social celebration that brought together imperial authority, urban culture, and neighborhood traditions, it combined spirituality and communal joy.
At the heart of Ottoman Eid celebrations was a highly structured court ritual centered around the sultan. These ceremonies were organized according to court protocol dating back to the reign of Sultan Mehmed II, whose legal codes defined how imperial ceremonies were conducted.
The celebration began on the eve of the festival, known as Arife. Preparations were carried out inside Topkapı Palace, where officials arranged the ceremonial throne near the Gate of Felicity. The palace itself was illuminated with torches and lanterns to mark the approaching holiday.
On the morning of Eid, the sultan first performed prayers in the palace mosque or near the chamber that preserved sacred relics of the Prophet Muhammad. Afterwards, he mounted a richly decorated horse and rode in a ceremonial procession to one of the imperial mosquesâoften Ayasofya or the Sultan Ahmed Mosqueâto perform the communal Eid prayer.
The procession itself was a spectacle. Horses were adorned with jewels and gold, officials wore elaborate silk garments and jeweled turbans, and the Ottoman mehter military band accompanied the event.
After the prayer, high-ranking officialsâincluding the Grand Vizier, scholars, and military commandersâapproached the sultan to offer holiday greetings. In return, the sultan distributed gifts and sweets, reflecting both generosity and the hierarchical structure of the state.
The palace celebrated the festival officially and sumptuously. It was a matter of great seriousness and diligence as it was considered a way of tecdid-i biat (renewal of allegiance) and called muayede merasimi (ceremony to exchange Eid greetings). A great deal of attention was paid to the conduct of the ceremonies, to keeping the level of participation high, and to ensuring the attendance of the statesmen at these ceremonies. The statesmen were only exempt from ceremonies if they were seriously ill or dealing with state affairs; those in the provinces would send their Eid greetings to the sultan by post, and later by telegraph.
Cannons were sometimes fired from ships on the Bosporus to announce the festival to the city, turning the celebration into a public spectacle visible across Istanbul.
Charity played a major role in Ottoman Eid celebrations. Before the festival, muslimsâincluding the sultan himselfâdistributed zakat al-fitr, the obligatory charity that concludes Ramadan. Donations of grain, dates, money, or food were given to the poor so that everyone could participate in the holiday. Soldiers and civil servants received holiday bonuses, while prisoners sometimes received sweets or even pardons.
Poor children were often given clothing and gifts, in line with the recommendations of the Prophet Muhammed (sas), sometimes in events organized in the presence of the sultan. These acts were meant not only as charity but also as demonstrations of the rulerâs benevolence toward his subjects.
Within households, the head of the family also distributed gifts to servants, workers, and dependents according to their status and years of service.
Outside the palace, Eid transformed Ottoman cities into vibrant festival spaces. People gathered early in the morning at large mosques or open prayer grounds known as musallas. After the prayer, the city came alive with visits among relatives, neighbors, and friends.
Many customs associated with Eid today either originated in or were strongly shaped by the Ottomans like wearing new clothes for the holiday (know as a âbayramlıkâ), visiting elders and kissing their hands as a sign of respect, giving children sweets or coins, decorating mosques with lights, large public prayers and neighborhood visits or
sharing desserts and festive meals.
Children played an especially visible role. In some cities they carried decorated âholiday sticksâ adorned with flags and small lanterns as they went from house to house offering greetings. Markets and public squares were also lively with performers such as musicians, magicians, and entertainers who staged shows for crowds. In the evenings, fairs and festivities sometimes continued late into the night in palace gardens or public squares, creating a carnival-like atmosphere.
One of the most distinctive Ottoman Eid traditions was the tradition of mahya lights. Lamps were strung between mosque minarets to form illuminated words or images celebrating the holiday. These lights often displayed messages such as prayers or greetings and were visible across the skyline of Istanbul.
Visitors to the city described them as if âthe stars had been brought down from the sky.â
Mahya displays remain a beloved tradition in Turkey today.
Because sweets were so widely exchanged during the festival, Eid al-Fitr became popularly known in Turkish as Ćeker Bayramı, meaning âSugar Feast.â Visitors to homes were traditionally offered sweets first and coffee afterwardâa custom that still exists in many parts of the Muslim world.
Some historians say originally the holiday was referred to as âĆĂŒkĂŒr Bayramıâ in other words âa holiday to be grateful.â The two words âĆĂŒkĂŒrâ (gratitude) and âĆekerâ (sugar) were spelled using the same characters in the Ottoman alphabet and thus in time, the meaning of the holiday was misconstrued. Other say the name comes from the Ottoman tradition of the palace offering trays of baklava to their soldiers.
Another common Ottoman practice was visiting cemeteries on the eve or morning of Eid. Families cleaned graves, recited the Qurâan, and distributed sweets or bread in memory of deceased relatives. In some places candles were even lit at graves to symbolize remembrance and spiritual connection.
Eid also strengthened neighborhood bonds. Entire districts organized communal celebrations, sharing food such as halva, bread, and sherbet with neighbors. Guilds, merchants, and craftsmen also participated by decorating streets and sometimes organizing festivities for the public.
The sultanâs participation was central to the symbolism of Eid. His public appearance during the procession and prayer demonstrated that he was not only a political ruler but also the protector of Islam and leader of the Muslim community. The careful choreography of ceremoniesâgreetings, gift distribution, and processionsâreinforced loyalty to the state.
Some sultans were particularly known for generous holiday celebrations. During certain reigns, public entertainments, athletic competitions, and wrestling matches were organized in palace gardens to entertain guests and subjects.
The festival served not only as a religious observance but also as a moment when the empireâs political authority, social hierarchy, and communal spirit were publicly reaffirmed.
More information about Ottoman ceremonies you can find here: https://istanbultarihi.ist/458-public-ceremonies-in-ottoman-istanbul
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