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1. How do we test for different chemicals?

 2. How do we test for carbohydrates, fats and proteins?

 3. Why are the tests different?

Part I Testing for the major food groups

                        proteins

                        fats

                        carbohydrates

Part II Software programs on nutrition and diet

Part III Software programs which analyze food labels

  Materials   Carbohydrates test tube racks, hot plate, 400 ml beaker, 3 test tubes, onion juice, potato juice, Benedict's  Reagent, distilled water test tube racks, 3 test tubes, onion juice, potato juice, Lugol's Iodine, distilled water

Fats and Lipids Sudan III, extracts of flour, cream, coconut, margarine, filter paper, pencils, dedicated Pasteur Pipet, water bath

Materials:

hot water bath

diced onions

homogenizing solution

beakers 

cold water bath

cheesecloth

blender

Part I

Sickle Cell Anemia

Part II

Transcription and Translation

You will also conduct a simulation of the two-step process of protein production involving

1) Transcription

2) Translation where the information to build the protein is extracted from DNA and used for protein production inside the cell. 

MATERIALS

Procell electrophoresis apparatus,

gel molds

combs

Power units

buffer

In this lab you will study the relationship between genotype and phenotype by building fictional organisms called "Rebops" based on genes selected randomly from a gene pool.  The goal of the exercise is to understand how genes contain information on the body's architecture and how the relationship between genes influences expression in the phenotype. 

Part 1

building Rebops based on genetic information you have chosen from chromosomes

Part 2

finding the parents of your Rebop among other Rebops in the lab

Part 3

since your Rebops are feeling "the urge" you will also be able to mate them with other Rebops and determine the offspring

Part 4

study human chromosomes (Karyology)

Materials

Rebops

envelopes containing alleles

pipe cleaners

tacks

short pins

long pins

tooth picks

Styrofoam body

computer

  http://protist.biology.washington.edu/karyotyping/

The cell spends most of its time in Interphase, a non-dividing phase where it performs its daily functions and prepares itself for duplication.  During cell division it goes through several phases.  These phases are characterized by the different positions of chromosomes inside the dividing cell. 

Part I Prepared slides (whole mounts) Identify interphase and the stages of the mitosis on onion root tip

Part II Make slide from squashed onion preparation Identify interphase and the stages of the mitosis on onion root tip

Materials:

Onion root tip

slides/wet mounts

microscope

HCL

Background to Lab

Diffusion is a simple property whereby chemicals move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. 

When a cell does not have to use energy to move chemicals across the membrane, diffusion is a passive form of transfer of chemicals from one side of the membrane to the other.

Part I of the lab you will address the question "Where does the energy come from for movement of molecules in diffusion? 

Part II of this lab you will investigate whether chemicals in different states are able to diffuse into each other and the effects of molecular size on the rate of diffusion. 

Part III of this lab is interested in the effects of changing the external environment on diffusion, especially temperature.

Materials: 

+ ink or charcoal + agar, IKI and Methylene Blue + cheap perfume + Thistle Tube + Hot and cold water + Elodea + dialysis tubing + ruler + thermometer

Calculations (example)

Observed data = 40'/60 sec, same as 0.667'/sec 

1) Divide 0.667' by 5,280'.  Thus, 0.667' = .00013 miles/sec.

2) 3600 seconds/hour (60 min x 60 sec)  so multiply 3600 by .00013 miles to find mph. 

In this lab you will investigate different aspects of the photosynthesis reaction. 

Part I

you will perform an experiment on how energy from the sun is trapped by plants.  Your work will address the following questions:

            1. How do plants acquire energy from sunlight for the photosynthesis

                        reaction?

            2. Do they accomplish it as efficiently as possible?

 Part II

you investigate how chemicals involved in photosynthesis enter and leave the plant by examining slides of leaves.  Your work will address the following questions:

            1. Where do the chemicals for photosynthesis enter the plant?

            2. Where do the chemicals for photosynthesis leave the plant?

Part III

you will observe how glucose or chemical energy is stored in plants.  Your work will address the following  question:

            1. Where is the chemical energy from photosynthesis stored in plants?

 MATERIALS

1) Potato

2) Sweet Potato

3) Yam

4) Rudebaga

5) Apple

6) Pear

7) Tradescantia (guard cells for gas exchange)

Part I.  Become familiar with the parts of the microscope. Identify and learn how to use the following parts of the compound light microscope.

Part I practices using the compound and stereomicroscope with some sample slides and materials. The stereomicroscope is used to examine materials too small for a magnifying glass but too large for fine detail.  The compound microscope is used for small specimens such as details of tissues or cells. Each microscope uses light, which bounces off the object and illuminates the specimen in contrast to the electron microscope.

 In Part II I get to solve a crime!! I will do this examining evidence from the crime scene and comparing that to evidence found on the suspects.  Materials taken from real crime scenes are often analyzed using the light microscope.  These are compared with materials found on the suspect, in the suspect's house or vehicle, etc. 

Materials

1) The letter e

2) Threads

1) Paramecium

2) Volvox

1) Potato – notice the cells that resemble plastic bags with starch granules

2) Onion cells are rectangular

1) desiccated flies

2) computer chips

3) post cards

4) photographs

5) E. coli culture

6) B. megaterium culture

7) Bread mold culture

Biology is the study of living organisms. The scientific method help scientists to conduct their research an orderly manner. In this lab we will learn how to conduct research in biology employing the Scientific Method just as a Biologist would in their research.  We will conduct research on the efficacy of Therapeutic Touch therapy as a technique administered to patients experiencing extreme pain during recovery from surgery. This lab is based on study by Rosa et al.

In this experiment we will work in pairs.  Each member of the pair will test their lab partner's ability to detect energy fields during two trials.  In the first trial, one student will be the subject.  The other student will be the investigator.  The first subject will put their hands, palms up, through the two openings in the experimental blind.  They will close their eyes for a 20-30 second test and try to detect the energy field of the investigator.  Meanwhile, on the other side of the experimental blind, the investigator will place a hand over one of the hands of the subject during the second test. At the end of the second test, the investigator will record a correct or incorrect detection by the subject.  The investigator will flip a coin to decide which hand of the subject they will place their hand over for the 30-second test.  If the coin is heads, then the investigator will place their right hand over the right hand of the subject. If the coin is tails then the investigator will place their right hand over the left hand of the subject.