Emperor/Empress, Kaiser/Kaiserin, Tsar/Tsaritsa: rules over everyone
High King/High Queen, Maharajah, Pharaoh: rules over other kings
King/Queen, Sultan/Sultana, Shah/Shahbanu, Raja/Rani, Rex: rules over everything (Europe) or leader of a large area or province (ancient Egypt, Persia, India)
Crown Prince/Crown Princess, Emir/Emira, Dauphin: also called the heir apparent, next in line for the throne
Prince/Princess: other children of the imperial or royal family
Archduke/Archduchess: ruler of an archduchy
Duke/Duchess: ruler of a duchy; highest rank under the royal family; While some duchies have their own lineage, members of the royal/imperial family can also be dukes (ex. Queen Elizabeth II is the Duke of Normandy)
MARQUESSATE, MARGRAVIATE, OR MARCH
Marquess, Margrave, Marquis/Marchioness: the ruler of a marquessate, margraviate, or march
Count, Earl/Countess: ruler of a county; known as an earl in England, but their wives are still countesses
Viscount/viscountess: ruler of a viscounty; rank below counts/earls
Baron/baroness: ruler of a barony
Baronet: British title ranking below baron and above knight
Seigneur/Knight of the Manor: rules a small local fief
Knight: basic rank; used to denote someone who owned land and fought on behalf of their overlord
Baron/baroness (Scotland only): ranks below a knight and above a laird; hereditary position
Laird (Scotland only): ranks below a Scottish baron and above an esquire; landownerβs title
Esquire: indicates someone who attends or is apprenticed to a knight
Gentleman: the lowest rank of gentry; owns a small manor or plot of land