Erçin

With the rise of the feminist movement, the public image of witches has undergone a dramatic transformation.

Once feared and cursed, witches are now seen as symbols of femininity and strength in the modern world; but how did this transformation occur?

In the early modern period, witchcraft was a crime in Europe, and approximately 90,000 people were accused of practising it. Half of them were executed in the name of God, and almost all of them were women. As a result, witches have become a modern icon against patriarchy. To understand why witches have become such a significant symbol, it is necessary to explore the devaluation and revaluation of women throughout history and the roots of witchcraft.

Many pagan religions believed in the divine power of women and celebrated the Mother Goddess as a symbol of their ability to bring life into the world. Ancient pagan cultures regarded men and women as equals, and women played important roles in society. For example, in Nordic Paganism, women were warriors and managed household finances, while in Druidic/Celtic traditions, women held powerful positions in society. However, the role of women in society was devalued over time due to the influence of Rome.

Inspired by ancient Greece, Rome had a strictly patriarchal society that was in contrast to pagan cultures. Christianity, which was gaining power in the Roman Empire, adopted the Roman view of women as second-class citizens and incorporated it into its belief system.

Christianity also devalued women in other ways. For instance, the woman’s ability to bring life into the world was no longer seen as divine; instead, it was viewed as nothing more than the duty of a woman to reproduce because, unlike paganism, Christianity did not approve of the sexual union of men and women as a result of the enjoyment in it.

Moreover, women were more often accused of witchcraft not only because of their assumed fragility but also because Europeans believed that the devil could more easily deceive them than men, as it was believed to have done with Eve in the Bible.

The words of Heinrich Kramer about women in the Malleus Maleficarum (1487) can be an excellent example of how women were perceived in the Middle Ages. In The Malleus Maleficarum Heinrich Kramer clearly and repeatedly asserts that women are more likely to participate in witchcraft or “sorcery” due to qualities that all and only women have.

As society evolved and attitudes towards women changed, the image of the witch also began to shift. During the feminist movement of the 1960s and 70s, witches were reclaimed as symbols of feminine power and resistance against patriarchal oppression. This led to a renewed interest in witchcraft, and many women began to identify as witches, seeing it as a way to connect with their innate power and spirituality.

Today, the image of the witch is often associated with empowerment, rebellion, and self-expression. Witches are no longer seen as evil or dangerous, but as individuals who embrace their uniqueness and stand up for what they believe in.