Urine-Based Dye Found in Ancient New Testament
Behind one of the oldest surviving illuminated manuscripts of the New Testament lies a mixture of urine and weeds, according to analysis carried out during a lengthy restoration project of the sacred text.
For centuries scholars wondered how the precious purple parchments of the 1,500-year-old Byzantine book known as the Codex Purpureus Rossanensis were obtained.
It was generally assumed that Tyrian purple, extracted from Murex (sea snails) was used to dye the parchment sheets.
On the contrary, analysis have shown the mysterious purple resulted from the use of orcein, a natural dye extracted from the lichen Roccella Tinctoria and processed with fermented urine, which at that time was the only source of ammonia. Read more.
















