Knowledge Acquired

x^2 + xy +xy^3 = 3

2x + dy/dx(x) + y + y^3 + 3xy^2(dy/dx) = 0

2x + y + y^3 = -dy/dx(x) - 3xy^2(dy/dx)

2x + y + y^3 = -dy/dx (x + 3xy^2)

dy/dx= ((-2x + y + y^3)/(x + 3xy^2))

Important Steps:

1) Differentiate each term

2) Every derivative of y needs a dy/dx

3) Isolate the terms with dy/dx by subtraction

4) Factor out the dy/dx

Important Steps:

1) Generate derivative for g(x)

2) Find g(x) for each derivative

3) Apply derivatives to Taylor Series (or Maclaurin Series) formula

Glycolysis - Cytoplasm - 2ATP - 2NADH

Acetyl CoA - Cytoplasm - 0ATP - 2NADH

Krebs Cycle - Mitochondrial Matrix - 2ATP - 6NADH + 2FADH2

Oxidative Phosphorylation - Mitochondrial membrane (cristae) - 32 ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation: energy is not only stored in ATP, but also in electron/hydrogen carriers like NAD* and FAD. Electrons are transferred from electron carriers to oxygen, which results in the synthesis of ATP. 

The Electron Transport Chain: Throughout the process of cell respiration, many electrons have been carried in and out of the cycles. They have maintained their original energy in the form of readily available hydrogen carrier molecules. The two carriers are NADH and FADH2. (Notice how throughout the process each carrier gained a hydrogen, NAD* -> NADH and FAD -> FADH2). 

Important:

1) Two NADH molecules from glycolysis

2) Two NADH molecules from the production of acetyl CoA

3) Six NADH molecules from the Krebs Cycle

4) Two FADH2 molecules from the Krebs Cycle

5) Twelve Electron Carriers in total

Each molecule moves down the Electron Transport Chain which is a series of protein carriers in the cristae that break down the energy into a usable form. 

Chemiosmosis: allows ATP Synthase to occur, which is the final part of oxidative phosphorylation, the conversion of ADP to ATP. 

Important:

1) Every NADH yields 3ATP (except in glycolysis, only 2ATP)

2) Every FADH2 yields 2ATP

Krebs Cycle: aka the citric acid cycle. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, two of the acetyl CoA will enter the cycle separately, and all the carbons will be converted into CO2. 

The Krebs Cycle in narrative form (this will probably be very difficult to understand because of the complexity of the chemistry behind it, I recommend viewing the diagram):

Acetyl CoA enters the cycle. It is split into CoA and Citric Acid, CoA leaves the cycle. Citric Acid becomes Isocitrate. Isocitrate then becomes Ketoglutarate after the loss of CO2 and the conversion of NAD* to NADH. Another CO2 is lost as well as another NAD* to NADH and Ketoglutarate is converted to Succinyl-CoA. GTP exits the cycle (will be used to make ATP) and Succinate is formed. FAD enters the cycle and becomes FADH2 (another hydrogen/energy carrier that will be used to create ATP). Succinate becomes Fumarate. Fumarate is converted into Malate. NAD* enters and becomes NADH, which finally produces Oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is a four-carbon molecule which is combined with acetyl CoA (two-carbon) to form a six-carbon molecule, citric acid or citrate. 

Important:

With each turn of the cycle (x2 for total yield)

1) 1 ATP is produced

2) 3 NADH's are produced

3) 1 FADH2 is produced 

Acetyl CoA: a two-carbon molecule formed from pyruvic acid, a three-carbon molecule. CO2 is released during this process. 

2Pyruvic Acid + 2Coenzyme A + 2NAD* -> 2Acetyl CoA + 2CO2 + 2NADH

The carbons lost from the pyruvic acid have been converted into CO2.

Important:

1) Extra carbons leave the cell as CO2

Glycolysis: The splitting of glucose into two three-carbon molecules. These two three-carbon molecules are known as pyruvic acid. Glycolysis results in a net production of two molecules of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). *NADH is used to make ATP throughout the process. 

Glucose + 2ATP + 2NAD* -> 2 Pyruvic Acid + 4ATP + 2NADH

Glycolysis does not automatically generate ATP. Two ATPs are used to create two six-carbon molecules plus a phosphate (which are known as Fructose 1, 6 Bisphosphate), and during the transformation ATP is converted to ADP, hence the phosphate added to the carbons. 

The carbon molecules are then split into two glyceraldehydes, which through the addition and loss of phosphates become two pyruvates. This process yields 4ATP, but a net gain of only 2ATP because 2ATP were used at the beginning of the process. Also, 2NADH's are gained. (This process is very complicated and hard to explain and is easier to see in diagram form, which I will post after this). 

Important:

1) Occurs in cytoplasm of a cell

2) Net gain of 2ATP's produced

3) 2 Pyruvic acids (pyruvates) are formed

4) 2 NADH are produced

In my opinion, one of the most difficult concepts in the AP/IB Bio Curriculum. I will go through each step in a different post in order to keep it more organized and easier to read. Here are the steps:

Steps:

1) Glycolysis

2) Formation of acetyl CoA

3) The Krebs Cycle