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In Jain philosophy, living beings (jīvas) are classified according to the nature of their bodies and the elements from which those bodies are formed. One important category within this classification is Vanaspati Kāyik Jīva, or plant-bodied living beings. The term Vanaspati refers to vegetation or plant life. In common usage, it includes plants, trees, creepers, grasses, and other forms of…

Jain philosophy offers one of the most detailed metaphysical analyses of life and reality in the Indian philosophical tradition. At the heart of this system lies tattvamīmāṃsā (metaphysics), which examines the fundamental constituents of existence. Unlike a purely abstract inquiry, Jain metaphysics aims to explain the structure of the universe, the nature of living beings, and the ethical…

Indian philosophical traditions offer a rich and systematic exploration of human thought, ethics, and spirituality. Among these, Mimamsa Darshan focuses on the critical inquiry of Vedic texts, emphasizing both rituals (Karma Kanda) and knowledge (Gyan Kanda). Purva Mimamsa, or Karma Mimamsa, primarily deals with the ethical and ritualistic aspects of life, aiming to cultivate virtues such as…

Introduction Tantra is often misunderstood as a collection of obscure rituals, secret practices, or sensational religious acts. Such interpretations emerge largely from partial knowledge and selective exposure. When examined academically, however, Tantra reveals itself as a systematic, philosophical, and historically layered tradition that evolved to address spiritual, psychological, and…

Jain metaphysics places the concepts of substance (dravya), quality (guṇa), and existence (sattā) at the very center of its ontological inquiry. The fundamental concern of Jain philosophy is not merely to describe what exists, but to explain how permanence and change coexist within reality. According to the Jain view, all substances—such as soul (jīva), matter (pudgala), space (ākāśa), time…

1. What Is Meant by the Tantric Tradition? The Tantric tradition refers to a broad and complex set of philosophical ideas, ritual practices, and spiritual disciplines that developed within ancient Indian religious culture. Tantra is not a single system but a collective term for diverse practices connected with Śaiva, Śākta, and Vaiṣṇava traditions. Tantric philosophy emphasizes both action…

1. Continuity of Tantric Philosophy and Method The session began with an emphasis on continuity—Tantra must be understood not as isolated rituals, but as a systematic philosophical tradition. Connect to Stripe to use this block on your site.Connect Subscriber Content Add content here that will only be visible to your subscribers. Tantric Philosophy- Lecture NotesDownload Tantra is samplated…

Understanding Tantra as a Systematic and Living Tradition When we speak of Tantric philosophy, we are not referring merely to rituals, secrecy, or mysticism, as it is often misunderstood today. Tantra is a systematic way of understanding life, reality, and practice, deeply rooted in the religious and philosophical traditions of India. Tantra and Its Place in Religious Studies Tantra holds a…

Speaker Session Summary Speaker: Prof. Dr. Dileep KumarInternational Research Fellow, SEGi UniversityFormer Vice Chancellor 1. Problems in Contemporary Academia The session began with a critical reflection on systemic challenges affecting academic integrity, with special emphasis on the increasing number of retracted research papers. Key Issues Highlighted: Plagiarism Data…

Jain metaphysics begins with the understanding of reality (sattā) through the framework of pañcāstikāya and dravya. Reality is defined as that which truly exists, and this existence is explained through substances that are eternal in nature. To understand the universe in a systematic manner, Jain philosophy categorizes reality into different substances, yet at the level of existence, all…

A Philosophical and Historical Study of Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism Introduction The religious and philosophical landscape of Hinduism has never been static. It has evolved through continuous dialogue between ritual, devotion, metaphysics, and social realities. The emergence of Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism must be understood not as isolated religious movements, but as outcomes of…

The discussion begins with an introduction to dravya (substance) and proceeds toward a deeper explanation of Pañcāstikāya in Jain philosophy. The speaker explains that all entities which possess extension (astitva) and occupy space collectively form what is called Pañcāstikāya. These substances are systematically categorized to understand reality in an organized manner. In Jain philosophy, the…