Celebrated on February 13th - February 15th, Lupercalia was an ancient Roman holiday dedicated to the god Faunus, the wild horned spirit of nature, and the legendary founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus. The festival is believed to have far more ancient origins than its association with these mythical figures, likely stemming from earlier fertility rites and purification ceremonies.
The name of the festival, Lupercalia, is derived from the Latin word lupus (wolf), tying it to the legend of the she-wolf who rescued and nursed Romulus and Remus in the cave known as the Lupercal. This cave, located on Palatine Hill, became the heart of the festival’s rituals, emphasizing the protective and nurturing symbolism of wolves.
At its core, Lupercalia celebrated the themes of fertility, purification, and the harmony of nature. It honored two deities: Faunus, the primordial spirit of wild nature and fertility, and Juno Februata, the aspect of Juno associated with purification and the passions of love. The name "February" itself originates from Februare (to cleanse) and Juno Februata, underscoring the month’s ties to this festival.
The festival began with sacrifices of goats, symbolizing fertility, and dogs, representing purification. These sacrifices were followed by ceremonial rituals performed by Faunus’ priests, known as the Luperci. After consuming the sacrificial meat, the Luperci smeared themselves with the blood of the animals and dressed in strips of goatskin, referred to as "Juno’s cloak." They then ran through the streets of the Palatine Hill, carrying whips made from goatskin called februa.
Women who wished to conceive strategically positioned themselves to be struck by the whips, believing this act would enhance fertility, ensure conception, and guarantee safe childbirth. This ritual also served as a broader purification rite for the community, cleansing it in preparation for the coming New Year, which in the Roman calendar began at the vernal equinox.
The nine days of Lupercalia, from February 13th to the 21st, were believed to be a liminal time when the souls of the dead wandered the earth. Offerings of food and drink were left for them, with the living honoring the spirits as part of the festival's traditions.
Over time, the festival's elements shifted and evolved, blending with other traditions. February 14th, now celebrated as Valentine’s Day, originally marked the first day of Lupercalia, dedicated to Juno Februata and Faunus, when women prayed for fertility and blessings.
Lupercalia continued to be celebrated for centuries until it was officially abolished in 495 AD by Pope Gelasius I, who replaced it with a Christian feast day. Now, in modern times, even though Lupercalia is no longer a widely celebrated festival, it is often associated with modern Valentine’s Day or even a celebration of self-love. Today, it’s all about love, fertility, and connection. You can spend the three days of Lupercalia by offering yourself love and understanding, doing things that nurture your self-appreciation, and spending special time with your loved ones.
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Crystals: rose quartz, milky quartz, selenite, moonstone, ruby, garnet, lepidolite, green aventurine, emerald
Deities: Juno, Lupercus, Faunus, Venus, Aphrodite, Pan, Hera, Dionysus, Eros, Freyja, Cernunnos (deities associated with love, fertility, and abundance)
Animals: dog, goat, wolf, dove, swan, dolphin, ladybug, lovebirds, horse
Flowers: lavender, roses, snowdrops, hyacinths, tulips, orchids
Herbs: cinnamon, basil, jasmine, vanilla
Fruits: figs, cherries, grapes, bananas, strawberries, pomegranate, raspberries, apples
Symbols: phallus, hearts, wolves, whips, goat
Magick: fertility and abundance spells, self-love magick, sex magick, purification
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🐺 Take a relaxing long bath, and add some rose essential oil if you like
🐺 Spend time with your dog(s)
🐺 Watch some romance movies
🐺 Treat yourself to things that make you feel good, like lotions, perfume, or new clothes
🐺 Light red, pink, or white candles
🐺 Collect flowers and put them in your altar or room
🐺 Perform love, fertility, and purification spells
🐺 Give flowers to loved ones
🐺 Spend some time in your home, simply being naked because why not?
🐺 Bake heart-shaped cakes
🐺 Support dog shelters with a donation
🐺 Spend time with your lover
🐺 Listen to your favorite music
🐺 Show appreciation for your body
🐺 Take your health medicine
🐺 Decorate your space or altar with heart-shaped objects
🐺 Spend time and meditate in nature
🐺 Connect with deities associated with love, fertility, and purification
🐺 Dedicate a day to self-care, doing what feels healthy and good for you
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Drink red liquids like wine, cranberry or strawberry juice, consume goat dairy, cakes, muffins, chocolate, honey, cherries, champagne, grapes, hazelnuts, cinnamon rolls, cupcakes, any food with meat, apple pie, strawberries.
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sources: Wicca: A Modern Guide To Witchcraft & Magick; Encyclopedia of Witchcraft: The Complete A-Z for the Entire Magical World by Judika Illes
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