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Single input unbalanced output differential amplifier configu­rations are rarely used. The reasons for this are as follows: This

Swamping Resistor in Differential Amplifier - The dependence of the voltage gain of the differential amplifiers on variations in ac emitter

Constant Current Source in Differential Amplifier can be built using FET devices, bipolar devices, and a combination of these components.

constant current bias in differential amplifier circuit is considered better as it provides current stabilization and, therefore, assures a stable operating point for the differential amplifier.

The two-transistor current source, also called a current mirror, is the basic building block in the design of integrated circuit current

This transistor array have inherent advantages unique to IC circuits such as compactness, ease of physical handling and electrical and thermal matching.

The two JEETs operate as common-source amplifiers with their source terminals connected. A constant-current provides bias current.

Voltage Level Translator (Level Shifter) is usually an emitter follower circuit which is used to shift the dc level at the output of the

The Basic Block Diagram of Communication System is shown in Fig. 22.1. The essential components of a communication system are information

Sound waves produced by speech or music strike the diaphragm of a microphone that converts them into a tiny varying current.

In Collector Modulation Circuit, the transistor Q1 makes an RF class C amplifier. The carrier signal is applied to the base of Q1. VCC makes collector supply used for biasing purpose. Also, the transistor Q2 makes a class B amplifier which is used to amplify the audio or modulating signal.

The carrier signal from a crystal oscillator is coupled to the base terminal of the amplifier through transformer T1.

The carrier signal from a crystal oscillator is coupled to the base of amplifier through capacitor Cin. The modulating signal is applied to the emitter circuit. The capacitors Cin and CC are so chosen so as to bypass carrier frequency only.

Square Law Diode Modulator utilizes the nonlinear region of voltage-current dynamic characteristic of a P-N diode. This square law diode modulator method is suited at low voltage levels because of the fact that current-voltage characteristic of a diode is highly nonlinear, particularly in the low voltage region

Balanced modulator may be defined as a circuit in which two nonlinear devices are connected in a balanced mode to generate a DSBSC signal.

Single Sideband Modulation (SSB) can he obtained by passing the output of a carrier suppressor (product modulator) through filter circuits

The process of demodulation demands that the modulated wave has some definite average value and the carrier wave is separated out. Hence in demodulation of an AM wave two operations, viz. rectification of the modulated wave and elimination of the RF component of the modulated wave are involved.