baffled at the vein of criticism that A Little Life is pro-suicide, or is arguing that "some people are so broken that suicide is their best choice" (specific phrasing that comes up surprisingly often in people's protests about the book). this is really bizarre to me, and counter to anything i would say actually happens in the book. I feel like it must be coming from some deep hostility or fear around seeing suicidality represented at all, and especially represented as something that is understandable, that can be part of a rich and complex life, that is as emotionally deep and dignified as other experiences, etc. i did think the book posed a meaningful critique of psychiatry: people keep trying to force jude to "get better" in various ways, and the book draws you along with jude's experience so closely that the reader deeply feels his antipathy against the coercion in those methods (ultimatums, institutionalization, force-feeding), and his dull resignation to the repetition of the same traumatic dynamics of his childhood. jude insists on maintaining his autonomy in the face of this by lying extensively to his loved ones, and to his therapist, once he's forced and cajoled into therapy. people don't quite articulate this but i assume that what they are really objecting to is the book's refusal to portray psychiatry as salvific in the correct terms
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girlfriends Ann and Pestina, bug-girls vs. US empire.
the coquettish "lady," Pestina:
(May 1961; "Going Abroad? Don't Help Hitchhikers"; pamphlet produced by USDA, printed by US GPO; contributed by National Agricultural Library to biodiversitylibrary. org/ item/178072 #page/4/mode/1up)
the blood-drinker, Ann:
(November 1943; "This is Ann: She's dying to meet you"; pamphlet authored by Munro Leaf, unattributed illustrations by Theodor Seuss Geisel, prepared by Special Service Division, Army Service Force, US Department of War; at David J. Sencer CDC Museum, in Public Domain)
US military keeps putting hot bug-girls in super-racist promotional media.
Getting plugged, drilled, and sucked by a dangerous gal. (August 1943; "This is Ann")
Nighttime pounding and "sissy stuff":
Typical hyper-racism:
Slightly different version--a poster--lamentation for "the poor GI" (1943; "This is Ann ... she drinks blood!"; also illustrated by Geisel; prepared by Special Service Division, Army Service Forces, US War Department; maintained by Smithsonian Libraries and digitized at USDA):
That same year (1943), "Ann the Awful" featured in the thirteen-minute-long animated (well, it's a "filmograph") film "Criminal at Large," produced by the Office of Malaria Control in War Areas, US Public Health Service (unattributed illustrators, but appears Chuck Jones-esque?).
Dialogue from the film:
"JOE: Well, I am looking for a man, but Scoop Magazine hires only the best! He's got to be good enough to get the story I want on a female who has the reputation of being the most dangerous criminal in the world! Her business is robbery and cold-blooded murder. I want a story and exclusive pictures on her hangout and how she operates. [...]
SAM: But who is this dame?
JOE: They call her Anne the Awful. Her gang is worse than the famous Ma Barker Gang. She's a thief and a killer, she stops at nothing. Scoop must expose this vicious criminal! [...]
SAM: Ann the Awful, gosh how can I find her? Well, this is my big chance - I gotta find her! Is she a pistol-packing gun moll, a bubble dancer, or uh, or, or uh a beautiful spy?"
Her girlfriend shows up later.
They tried to make Pestina a symbol of border maintenance. "Keep out pests/invaders!" and "foreigners are seducing you to hitchhike across the border" type of shit gets mobilized here.
An "important message" (1970; Program aid no. 946; USDA; now at National Agricultural Library and biodiversitylibrary. org/item/179869 #page/3/mode/1up):
On left: 1966; Program aid no. 729; Agricultural Research Service, USDA; National Agricultural Library and biodiversitylibrary. org/item/178702 #page/3/mode/1up
On right: 1969; Program aid no. 915; Plant Quarantine Division, USDA; National Agricultural Library and biodiversitylibrary. org/item/179727 #page/3/mode/1up
US global military operations in "wartime" paralleled by federal agricultural department "anti-invasive" and "anti-pest" operations in "peacetime."
US foreign conquest paralleled by US domestic border/purity/contagion anxieties. Appeals made with racialized/sexualized/gendered caricatures.
Get Neel Ahuja, Ann Laura Stoler, and Anne McClintock on the phone.
Yes, ma'am.
(Circa 1943-1945; Office for Emergency Management, Office of War Information, Domestic Operations Branch; maintained by US National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives Identifier 513498.)
She's unnamed here (1944, US Army/US GPO, National Library of Medicine #191454783) but it's clear who she is:
surprise moment of overlap between rote and a little life: the figure of "drowning in memories" as a kind of self-destructive absorption in/by the mind
actually noting this for my 'suicidality in rote' mental file ... i always thought the memory stuff in kelsingra was a little perplexing but the juxtaposition with ALL is interesting
from ALL section IV.3, Jude hunted by his own past:
And then, at some point, it was no longer an experiment. He couldn’t remember how he had decided, but after he had, he felt lighter, freer, less tormented. The hyenas were still chasing him, but now he could see, very far in the distance, a house with an open door, and he knew that once he had reached that house, he would be safe, and everything that pursued him would fall away. They didn’t like it, of course — they could see the door as well, they knew he was about to elude them — and every day the hunt got worse, the army of things chasing him stronger and louder and more insistent. His brain was vomiting memories, they were flooding everything else — he thought of people and sensations and incidents he hadn’t thought of in years. Tastes appeared on his tongue as if by alchemy; he smelled fragrances he hadn’t smelled in decades. His system was compromised; he would drown in his memories; he had to do something.
from City of Dragons, Ch 4, Rapskal getting drawn in by the magic of the memory stones:
Leftrin cleared his throat. “What you were doing when we found you? There’s no excuse for that. You’re Rain Wild bred. Don’t tell me you didn’t know the danger. What were you thinking? Do you want to drown yourself in memories? To be lost to us forever?”
Rapskal met his gaze squarely. His eyes gleamed blue in the darkness, as brightly as if he were an old man with years of change on him. His smile grew wider as he admitted cheerfully, “Yes, actually, I do.”
Leftrin stared at him. His words were shocking. But he did not speak them cheekily but with sincerity. “What are you saying? That you want to become a drooling idiot? Wander forever in Elderling memories while your body loses control of itself? Become a senile burden to everyone who loves you, or starve to death in your own filth when everyone abandons you to your selfishness? It will happen, you know.”
He painted the death of a man who drowned in memories as harshly as he could. The boy had to be dissuaded from engulfing his mind in the pleasure of a past that was not his. “Drowning in memories” was the Rain Wild euphemism for it. It was not as common a fate as it had been when the Elderling cities had first been discovered, but it still happened and most often to youngsters like Rapskal. The temptation to linger in contact with certain stone walls and statues was great. Life in the Rain Wilds was not as harsh as it once had been, but no Rain Wilder enjoyed the life of opulence and luxury that was recorded in the stones of the city. Once a lad had explored one of those memories, the temptation to return over and over to a dream of remembered feasts and music and romance and indulgences would prove too great for some to resist. Left to themselves, they literally drowned in the memories, forgetting their own lives and the needs of their real bodies to indulge in the pleasures of a city and a civilization that no longer existed.
Leftrin understood the pull of it. Almost every adventurous Rain Wild lad had sampled memory diving at least once. The secrets of where the best and most intense memories were stored were passed on privately by generation after generation. His mind darted back to certain stone carvings in a little-used hallway of the Elderling city buried under Trehaug. With a touch of the hand, one could experience a lavish banquet followed by a lovely concert of Elderling music. There were rumors of another carving that had held records of one powerful Elderling’s sexual conquests. Years ago, the Rain Wild Traders’ Council had ordered it destroyed, saying that enough young men had perished due to its attraction. Yet the tales of it persisted.
actually thought this was a pretty decent article about glp-1s from, of all unlikely sources, a men's fitness mag: https://www.menshealth.com/nutrition/a71804411/something-strange-is-happening-to-athletes-who-take-glp-1s-experts-are-racing-to-find-out-why/ they avoid commenting on glp-1 usage for diabetes or other dxs, but from the perspective of athletes trying to lose weight to bolster sports performance, they kind of breathlessly recount the details of their discovery that appetite suppression might negatively impact performance, because food is an important source of energy in humans (i am making fun but i did find the details interesting)
also this was interesting from the sick times, i didn't even know about all these other research peptides that people are trying out for long covid. + a brief review of the early info on people looking into glp-1s for long covid: https://thesicktimes.org/2026/07/14/experimental-peptides-are-being-advertised-for-long-covid-but-the-evidence-is-trailing-behind/
Janice Radway's A Feeling for Books (1997 ethnography of the Book of the Month club by an American studies scholar) is not trying to be the same kind of book as Dan Sinykin's Big Fiction (2023 literary study of the "conglomerate era" of American fiction by an English lit prof), but it does also touch on a lot of the same issues of publisher conglomeration and the relationship of business structures and literary tastes, and it's so much better written and more enjoyable to read that reflecting on both books together is kind of embarrassing. I mean I did pick it up in a used bookstore after noticing that the single most interesting paragraph from Sinykin's book cited her previous book Reading the Romance so I guess that tracks, but still.
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This Janet Todd book (Sensibility: An Introduction) has a great section on the backlash against sentimentality in the 18th-19th century that is really explaining some things for me. Like, the shape of people's hatred of sentimentality feels like some kind of culture war shit even now, right? But one that's been transmitted through enough games of telephone that it's hard to tell what it's about. There's this vague but highly emotional appeal that sentimentality is just embarrassing, even if it touches on a lot of different political topics (children and motherhood and the family; slavery and exploitation; fortune and generosity; christianity and salvation--or more modernly, often, trauma and recovery). People will waver between insisting that sentimentality is an arch-conservative force and yet also that feeling so much for others is dangerous -- or more like, gauche? which is to say, low class?? -- which seem like ... opposite arguments, in some sense! So for a long time I have wondered, basically, what the fuck. (Literally asked this in one of my very first posts on here, and unlike most of the bs ive put on this blog over time, i still think it was a good question)
But Todd opens Ch VIII The Attack on Sensibility with an argument that sensibility and sentimentalism got caught up in the politics of the French Revolution and the backlash against it in England, especially as an aesthetic associated with the potential sympathies of the English reading public for revolution and social change. This has truly unlocked things for me, not that it's the only explanatory cultural current but just because it's a dynamic that is soooooo crunchily perceptible even now. Conservatives criticized sentimentality as a dangerous soft-hearted idealism that would lead to ruin; radicals criticized it as embodying an ineffectual tendency towards nostalgia and self-indulgent voyeurism; and it sounds like everyone both used sentimental rhetoric for their own purposes and dunked on everyone else for sentimental excesses.
from "The Attack on Sensibility," pp129-132, in Janet Todd, Sensibility: An Introduction, Routledge 1986 (bolding mine):
Sentimentalism was always on the defensive. From the outset it opposed the individualistic and thrusting values that were transforming Britain into an industrial and imperial power. Yet it could not be allied with the cultured, gentlemanly élite, whose members often apprehended it as anodyne, escapist and simplifying, suitable as a mode for a growing mass audience of the semi-literate and for women who were marginal both to the economic and social enterprise and to traditional literary culture.
Sentimental literature expressed its defensiveness directly through its nostalgic visions of harmonious fellowship and virtuous men and women. The former turned out to be either isolationist and in retreat from the metropolitan sources of power or fragile in its contact with the worldly and the predatory; the latter were often reclusive, melancholy or doomed. Although in the philosophy and literature of the early and mid eighteenth century this harmonious fellowship and the image of the sensitive benevolist could present a social and individual ideal, towards the end of the century the ideal disintegrated as the political and psychological implications of sentimental doctrine were clarified and assaulted.
Politics
The fate of sensibility in England is allied to the political situation. In the closing years of the eighteenth century, the English reacted not only to the French Revolution and its aftermath but also to the political and social situation at home. The Anti-Jacobin Review, the new organ of conservative opinion, worked to bind sensibility to radicalism, or 'Jacobinism' as it insisted on calling any reformist view, and it blamed both for the unrest it feared was spreading in England. The radicals, on their side, were just as eager as the conservatives to align sensibility with their opponents, and they attacked as sentimental the reactionary nostalgia and emotional callousness they saw promoted in the Anti-Jacobin. Clearly neither side wished to be left in possession of a now unfashionable sensibility, but neither side wanted entirely to abandon the power of emotive, sentimental language.
Many of the British supporters of the early French Revolution were rhetorically sentimental, although its radical theorists were far less so. For instance the early revolutionary events and measures were fulsomely depicted by Helen Maria Williams in reports which were much read, for she was one of the few eye-witnesses of what she related. In her lengthy series of letters, she rapturously converted the French ceremonies and revolutionary festivities into enactments of the tableaux of the sentimental fiction she also wrote; French revolutionary policy became crystallized into poignant family relationships and scenes of domestic tenderness.' The liberal Major Cartwright responded to French events with the solitary tear of sentimental fiction, the glistening eye and the leaping and ecstatic heart, a response regarded as eccentrically 'whimsical' by conservative critics.[2]
Because of these and many other effusive reports of the Revolution, when large-scale killings began in France under Robespierre it was easy for opponents to implicate sensibility. In a famous cartoon entitled 'New Morality', James Gillray portrayed the figure of Sensibility weeping over a dead bird, with the works of Rousseau in one hand; a foot rests on the unregarded head of Louis XVI. In lines from The New Morality, published by William Canning in the last issue of the Anti-Jacobin (9 July 1798), 'Sweet Sensibility' is implicated in French crimes through its disordered morality:
False by degrees, and exquisitely wrong;
For the crushed beetle first, - the widow'd dove,
And all the warbled sorrows of the grove;
Next for poor suffering guilt; and last of all,
For Parents, Friends, a King and Country's fall.
Sensibility is accused of being unmoved by 'foul crimes, but sicklied o'er with freedom's name'. Under the influence of the Jacobin Terror, former liberals came to believe that indiscriminate benevolence and desire to benefit humanity would lead to malignancy and that the over-warm heart would inevitably grow intolerant. In Example of France, a Warning to Britain (1793), Arthur Young blamed sensibility for the belief that what ought to be is or could be, a foolish idea leading directly to the bloodshed and chaos in France.
The long French wars in which Britain was engaged on and off from the early 1790s to 1815 meant a recoiling from revolutionary ideas. They also signalled a retreat from internationalism and from tendencies that seemed to ignore national boundaries. The cult of sensibility that had swept Europe in the 1760s and 1770s and had made Goethe's Werther a household name in literate England, and Clarissa and Yorick familiar presences in Germany and France gave way to a stress on national literature and to qualities considered peculiarly British, such as restraint, self-control and stoical, wry acceptance. The years of most vigorous conservative attack on sensibility from Jane Austen, Coleridge, and the Anti-Jacobin coincided with the alarmist and military years in England, when sensibility was felt to be demoralizing, anti-Christian and childishly French.
When they wrote their most influential works, the major English radical writers were severely rational. Like their conservative critics, they saw sensibility as dangerous and self-indulgent. It was the mode of an apathetic middle class which enjoyed dabbling in philanthropy, especially when it involved groups far from home, such as African slaves. It did not mount a general attack on the social problems of an unequal and unfree society and it did not encourage political response: indeed, by giving aristocracy and privilege a humane face, as it did in the fictional pictures of semi-feudal harmony, it often reinforced the legitimacy of the ruling classes. In Pigott's Political Dictionary (1795) the Rousseauist sentimental festival of social togetherness became a delusion and a confusion exalting folly and sinking talents.
Sensibility, it was often noted, could coexist with social cruelty: 'Where is the dignity, the infallibility, in the fair ladies, whom… the captive negroes curse in all the agony of bodily pain, for the unheard of tortures they invent?' asked Mary Wollstonecraft. Pathos and effusions were no remedy for poverty and injustice: 'Such misery demands more than tears'; revolutionary action should not be defused by individual humanitarianism or an idealization of society's victims.
The clearest radical opposition to sensibility as a conservative mode occurs in the pamphlet and book war started by the publication in 1790 of Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France; the Wollstonecraft quotations above come from the first reply, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, which attacked the conservative work for its smug criticism of the French Revolution and its support of the unjust British status quo. Along with Burke's later opponents, a newly anti-sentimental Wollstonecraft considered the language and methods of Reflections just as offensive as the opinions, since Burke's defence of the establishment favoured the high sentimental style with chiaroscuro effects and persuasive emotional vignettes of tumbled royalty.
Burke saw himself as a reasonable man, praising 'a manly, moral, regulated liberty', but Wollstonecraft emasculated him by accusing him of the irrationality and effeminacy of sentiment. He was, she claimed, weakly emotional and self-indulgent, viewing the Revolution as a kind of theatrical tragedy, while ignoring the suffering masses out of which it grew. With Paine and Thomas Christie, she believed that he was using his magnificent sentimental language to manipulate the reader into reverence for institutions that deserved only scorn.
*****
Reading this I got an extremely specific mental image of that fashy poster that's like THEY HACKED WOMEN [I thought this was a meme but it's just something some fuckwad candidate made in Ireland .. ] like it's straight-up this but instead of THE IRISH PEOPLE it's THE ANTI-JACOBIN. and "they" is "the sentimentalist popular press." abolitionist mom. bourgeois revolutionary mom. temperance mom
desk area at work is depressing with no windows or natural light -> can I decorate with something that reminds me that outside is still real -> cannot have real plant due to, again, the darkness -> well, i don't want to buy newly made plastics if i don't really need to -> uh, maybe paper plants and flowers? -> actually there are some nice ones but it's a small enough market that they are designed primarily around conservative wedding aesthetics -> managing life stress (FRIDGE IS BROKEN) by rotating flowers in my mind to see if i can use oversize blush-colored crepe paper peonies to communicate "THIS BUREAUCRAT IS GAY"
from Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790-1860, Jane Thompkins, 1985, p37 (bolding mine):
For classic texts, while they may or may not have originally been written by geniuses, have certainly been written and rewritten by the generations of professors and critics who make their living by them. They are the mirrors of culture as culture is interpreted by those who control the literary establishment. Rather than being the repository of eternal truths, they embody the changing interests and beliefs of those people whose place in the cultural hierarchy empowers them to decide which works deserve the name of classic and which do not. For the idea of "the classic" itself is no more universal or interest-free than the situation of those whose business it is to interpret literary works for the general public. It underwrites their claim to be the servants—and not the arbiters—of truth, and disguises the historically conditioned, contingent, and partisan nature of the texts that their modes of construction make visible. The recognition that literary texts are man-made, historically produced objects, whose value has been created and recreated by men and women out of their particular needs, suggests a need to study the interests, institutional practices, and social arrangements that sustain the canon of classic works. It also opens the way for a retrieval of the values and interests embodied in other, non-canonical texts, which the literary establishment responsible for the canon in its present form has—for a variety of reasons—suppressed.
Figurines of mice greet the visitors on the steps of the temple of Apollo in Turkey.
The temple was built during the 2nd century B.C., in the Troas region. It is dedicated to Apollo Smintheus (Lord of mice). The friezes of the temple depicted the war, which Homer recounted in his epic Iliad. In the epic itself, Apollo invoked as Smintheus is a terrific plague bringer.
Miniature statues of mice are now being placed to the stairs of 2,000 years old temple. "They are real-size figurines of mice. We have 73 figurines in the first stage, but 100 more will be made", says Professor Coşkun Özgünel, the head of the excavations in the field. "Visitors of the temple are very surprised by the mice. They show great interest in the figurines. They take photos and share them on social media. This interest made us very pleased.”
first page and inciting incident of the Iliad btw!!! the whole conflict among the Greeks begins because Agamemnon's offense against Apollo (taking his priest's daughter into slavery) brings a plague onto their troops. from Emily Wilson's translation:
Goddess, sing of the cataclysmic wrath
of great Achilles, son of Peleus,
which caused the Greeks immeasurable pain
and sent so many noble souls of heroes
to Hades, and made men the spoils of dogs,
a banquet for the birds, and so the plan
of Zeus unfolded—starting with the conflict
between great Agamemnon, lord of men,
and glorious Achilles.
Which god set
the pair apart and prompted them to fight?
Apollo, son of Leto and of Zeus.
Furious at the son of Atreus,
the god spread deadly plague throughout the camp,
so that the common troops began to die,
because their leader, Agamemnon, treated
Chryses, Apollo’s priest, with disrespect.
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In the UK the "gutter press" refers to red top tabloids, known for their incestuous relations with populist right wing politicians and comorbid insidious racism etc so perhaps "gutter" in this context has this connotation
oh interesting! it does seem related, doesn't it. i'm not aware of "gutter press" being used in the US context ... some more usage observations under the cut:
the sense of "gutter" meaning low or disreputable is cited in dictionaries dating from the early 19thc but I don't see an earliest citation or etymology for that usage (i sadly don't have OED access) ... "gutter press" and "gutter journalism" seem to start popping up on ngram around 1880, "gutter racism" around 1980. I did notice one of the early hits for "gutter press" also calls it a "prostituted press" in the same snippet.
i haven't found anything specifically linking "gutter press" and "gutter racism", but that doesn't mean there isn't anything. snooping through the usage over time for "gutter press" and then "gutter behavior" (starts cropping up around the 60s) might provide some insights but i don't have the patience for that ... i'm curious as to what cultural lines are getting drawn there but i've spent too long on this already ...
as for "gutter racism," starting around 1980:
there's a 1980 citation to a book called The Legacy of Malthus: Social Costs of the New Scientific Racism by Allan Chase that looks like the right usage, contrasting "the genteel as well as the gutter racism of post-Civil War America," but i can only see a sentence fragment through google books.
then in 1983, a statement from PA state rep Gus Yatron in the House of Representatives, cited as Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the … Congress. United States: U.S. Government Printing Office, in a one-two rhetorical punch of anticommunism and "antizionism is antisemitism". again the usage is to associate certain types of racism with the lowly "gutter" in contrast with the higher-status "(pseudo-)scholarly":
and from Edward Said in 1995, in The Politics of Dispossession, kind of an interesting usage because he is specifically contrasting two different people's rhetoric, but the context of the surrounding passage makes clear that he understands that this contrast is superficial and largely cosmetic:
well, there are more, but that's enough ... nothing in those examples that specifically connects to "gutter press", or journalism or publishing, it does seem to be an invocation of "low class" bigotry, with the exact parameters and sophistication of the comparison varying widely with the writer
when i peek over at bsky i see so many people using the phrase "gutter racism," "gutter behavior," "gutter misogyny" and i kind of thought it was new because i wasn't familiar with it? but google ngram viewer has hits for "gutter racism" from the 80s and 90s ... it's usually coming from people who do seem to understand that the right wing politicians they're criticizing are part of an elite-petty bourgeois coalition so it's a little funny that they've decided the go-to insult is to call them white trash. but ok. also gutters are very important public health and watershed infrastructure in the era of climate change
i have a teeny slow cooker someone passed off to me at some point, which i love too much to get rid of even though i don't use it that often. some things i have used it for over time:
making ghee with one pound of unsalted butter
making one rotisserie chicken carcass worth of chicken stock (very satisfying workflow but the stock is a little better if i wait til i can do at least two chicken's worth in the pressure cooker so kind of have fallen off this)
making cranberry sauce with one bag of cranberries
small batch of lentil soup when kitchen was busy
small batch of caramelized onions (worked well but VIVIDLY scented apartment for days, trepidation about repeating)
one can's worth of waterbath'd condensed milk -> dulce de leche (also worked well, i would do it again but i keep not having the ideal jar for waterbathing available while i am thinking of it. also i used a jar i had previously stored bay leaves in, which lent a delightful herbal note)
okay just beginning to get properly into the jude material now and the relentless upper-crustiness of the book is getting to me. i kind of thought she might be going somewhere interesting with it because of a passage in Willem's section on ambition, or at least be funny enough about it that i would be entertained. but now we're getting all this stuff about Jude's early career as a law student and lawyer and there's a stark contrast between meticulous depictions of jude's self-consciousness and shame, with a career trajectory that suggests that he's not only succeeding in every top competitive opportunity he even looks at, he's also networking so successfully with the most influential, humane, and generous figures everywhere he goes that they offer him clothes and free apartment subleases and pro bono medical care and so on. which is like, on the one hand a touching reminder of the generosity and love of others, and on the other hand ... profound interpersonal trauma often causes long-term difficulty with the interpersonal skills that are required for forming and maintaining all these new connections. so the fact that he has an uncanny talent for networking is kind of like ... well. as in everything else jude is exceptional; and perhaps (the suspicion builds) it's not possible to be loved at quite such grand and operatic scale if you are a loser.
like I think that is explicitly the bargain being made by the book with the reader -- the trauma is "balanced" by love, but not just by love, by success, at the upper fringes of american working and cultural life. i find this to be an unpleasant way of framing the relationship of interpersonal violence and class. (ALC is also very funny on the "luxury copy" aspect of the prose in her pan, although I don't really find her argument about yanagihara being a "tourist" of gay life to be convincing or helpful.) but i do think the use of the familiar rags-to-riches framework is part of how the book gets its lurid, over-the-top feeling -- it would be a totally different book if he got raped but found some middle-income life. he has to get rich!
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re latest round of "what is and is not 'literacy'" -- a person's capacity and desire to form the same political argument about a text that you would make -> NOT a literacy skill.