Daily Dose of Korea

contains 34 textbooks including etymology, language acquisition, morphology, phonetics/phonology, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, & translation studies

dropbox containing language textbooks

contains 86 language textbooks including ASL, Arabic, (Mandarin) Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Farsi, French, German, Greek, Hebrew (Modern & Ancient), Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latin, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovene, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Tagalog, Thai, Turkish, Urdu, Vietnamese, Welsh

dropbox containing books about language learning

includes fluent forever by gabriel wyner, how to learn any language by barry farber, polyglot by kató lomb

 Enjoy the post! 

If the last letter of a stem word ends in ㄷ (for example: 걷다 = to walk), the ㄷ gets changed to ㄹ when adding a vowel. This is only done with verbs. 

For example:

*the stem word is in purple!

The reason this conjugation is done is simply because the sounds flows off your tongue better. The ㄷ irregular is simply to avoid saying a hard consonant.

This is done to most stems ending in ㄷ. Common words that this does not apply to (like 걷다 = to tuck) are:

Irregulars are added to certain verbs or adjectives when adding something to the stem of the word.

Additions that we’ve learnt so far:

~ㄴ/는다 to conjugate verbs into present tense

~아/어 to conjugate verbs into past tense

~아/어요 to conjugate verbs into past tense with casual honorifics

~ㅂ/습니다 to conjugate verbs into past tense with formal honorifics 

~ㄴ/은 added to an adjective to describe an upcoming noun

Most of the irregulars are applied when adding a vowel to a stem. 

If the last letter of a word stem ends in ㅅ (for example: 짓다 = to build), the ㅅ gets removed when adding a vowel. For example, when conjugating: 짓다 = to make/build 짓 + 어 = 지어 나는 집을 지어 = I build a house짓 + 었어요 = 지었어요 저는 집을 지었어요 = I built a house

Notice that this only happens when adding a vowel. When conjugating to the plain form, for example, you only add “~는다” to a stem and thus ㅅ does not get removed. For example:집을 짓는다 = to  build a house

The reason this irregular is done is to avoid changing the sound of a word completely after conjugating it.

Some other examples of words that follow this irregular are:

낫다 = better (adjective)  잇다 = to continue (verb)

Common words that this does not apply to are:

웃다 (to laugh) = 저는 웃었어요 = I laughed 벗다 (to take off clothes) = 저는 옷을 벗었어요 = I took off my clothes 씻다 (to wash) = 저는 손을 씻었어요 = I washed my hands

NOTE

Casual honorifics almost always end in -요

있다 can be an adjective, or it can be a verb depending on its usage and context! 있다 is an adjective when it is used to indicate that one “has” something.

Because this 있다 is considered an adjective, we follow the rule for conjugating an adjective to the present tense – which is just leaving it the way it is! So, those three sentences above are perfectly conjugated and grammatically correct.

When 있다 is used to indicate that something/someone is “at/in” a location, it is also an adjective (To Be in a Location Pt.1).

Again, because this usage of 있다 is considered an adjective, we follow the rule for conjugating an adjective to the present tense – just leaving it the way it is. So, those three sentences above are perfectly conjugated in the plain form and grammatically correct.