This disparity affects not only primary commodities, but also the industrial exports of dependent countries. The 30GB iPod Video, launched by Apple in 2005, constitutes a classic example. The final sale price of this iPod model reaches 299 dollars. A large part of the value added, around 140 dollars, is captured by producers of parts and components, among which Japan, the United States and South Korea stand out. Distribution and retail sectors in the United States add another 75 dollars, while Apple captures a gross margin of 80 dollars per unit. By contrast, the share of value captured by China, where the assembly of components takes place through the exploitation of tens of thousands of workers, amounts to only about 4 dollars of the final sale price.
Studies on the value chain of the iPhone 4, launched in 2010, offer the same results. South Korea produces around 50% of the components; American, German and French firms produce the rest of the parts. Despite China's manufacturing contribution, assembly costs, around 6.54 dollars, represent about 1% of the final sale price and less than 3.5% of the factory price. Apple, for its part, captures a margin of 270 dollars per unit. The same holds in the Nokia N95 chain, where assembly represents only 2% of the retail price. These cases confirm that the country of final assembly captures a small portion of the commercial value of the product, while component manufacturing, distribution and the lead firm, Apple or Nokia, concentrate the greatest part of the value added along the chain.