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Contour in Surveying: A contour is a line that connects points of equal elevation on the surface of the earth. Characteristics of Contours: (a) Contour lines always form closed loops, although they may close either on the map itself or outside the map. (b) Contour lines are always perpendicular to the direction of the steepest slope. (c) The spacing of contour lines depends on the slope of the…

Introduction Of Survey or What is Survey: A survey is a method of collecting data and information about a particular subject, which could be a physical location, a population, a product, or a service. Surveying involves the use of various techniques and instruments to collect accurate and detailed information about a subject. The need for surveying arises from the fact that data and information…

Seasoning of Timber: Seasoning of timber is a process that involves drying freshly cut wood to reduce its moisture content and improve its strength, durability, and stability. This process is essential for ensuring that timber is suitable for use in construction, furniture-making, and other applications where strength and stability are important. In this blog post, we will explore the objectives…

When it comes to selecting timber, there are several qualities that one should consider to ensure that the timber is of good quality and fit for its intended use. Timber is a versatile and sustainable material that is used in a wide range of applications, from construction and furniture-making to decorative and artistic purposes. Here are some of the key qualities of good timber that you should…

Types of Preservatives in Timber The Following Preservatives Are Commonly Used for Preservation of Timber: AsCu treatment Chemical Salts Coal Tar Creosote Oil Oil Paints Solignum Paints 1. AsCu Treatment: AsCu treatment involves the use of copper and arsenic compounds to protect timber from insects, fungi, and decay. The treatment involves impregnating timber with a solution of copper and…

Timber, also known as wood, is a popular construction material used for various applications such as furniture, flooring, and building structures. However, timber is susceptible to various defects that can affect its quality and durability. In this blog post, we will discuss some of the most common defects in timber Defects in timber: Defects in timber are grouped into the following five…

Trees have been an important resource for human civilizations for thousands of years, providing building materials, fuel, and other essential products. In civil engineering, timber is one of the most commonly used materials, thanks to its strength, durability, and versatility. Understanding the structure of trees is therefore crucial for civil engineers who work with timber. Structure of a…

Introduction: When it comes to construction materials, bricks have stood the test of time. With a history spanning centuries, their durability and versatility have made them a popular choice in building projects around the world. However, like any construction material, bricks have their own set of advantages and disadvantages. In this comprehensive blog post, we will delve into the pros and…

When it comes to building materials, bricks have been a popular choice for centuries. Not only are they durable and long-lasting, but they also offer a number of other benefits that make them a smart choice for many construction projects. In this article, we’ll explore the benefits of building with bricks and explain why they are a great choice for your next construction project. Durability One…

Classification of Bricks | Size and Weight of the Brick | Bricks Types

Introduction of Bricks In Construction The bricks are obtained by moulding clay in rectangular blocks of uniform size and then by drying and burning these blocks. Bricks are one of the oldest building material and it is extensively used at present for loading the material in construction methods because of their durability, strength, reliability, low cost, easy availability, etc. Bricks are used…

Types of Admixtures For Concrete | Their Uses and Advantages

Types of Admixtures For Concrete Admixtures For Concrete are normally categorized according to their effect (a) Plasticizers (water-reducing agents) (b) Superplasticizers (high-range water reducers) (c) Air entrainers (d) Accelerators (e) Retarders (f) Others Many admixtures provide combinations of properties such as plasticizer/retarders or plasticizer/air entrainers. Each admixture type is…

Defects in Concrete | Types of Failure in Concrete | Defect of Concrete

There are various types of defects in concrete: 1. Cracks crack in concrete Cracks are inherent in concrete and cannot be completely prevented but can be minimized. The reasons for cracks in concrete are: (a) excess water (b) early loss of water (c) Alkali aggregate reaction (d) Freeze and thawing 2. Efflorescence efflorescence in concrete It is the appearance of fluffy white patches on the…

Tests for Workability of Concrete | Slump Test | Flow Test | Compaction Factor Test | Vee-Bee Test | Kelly Ball Test

Tests for Workability of Concrete Workability test of concrete done from the following: Slump Test Compaction Factor Test Vee-Bee Consistometer Test Flow Test Kelly Ball Test 1. Slump test the slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring the consistency of concrete which can be employed either in the laboratory or at the site of work. It is not a suitable method for very wet or very…

Workability of Concrete | Factor Affecting Workability

Workability of Concrete: Workability is the amount of work to produce full compaction. The important facts in connection with workability are: (i) If more water is added to attain the required degree of workmanship, it results in the concrete of low strength and poor durability. (ii) If the strength of concrete is not to be affected, the degree of workability can be obtained: By slightly changing…

Manufacturing of Concrete | Concrete Manufacturing Process | Different Stages

Manufacturing of Concrete: Good quality concrete is essentially a homogenous mixture of cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water which consolidates into a hard mass due to chemical action between cement and water. Each of the four constituents has a specific function: (i) The coarse aggregate acts as a filler. (ii) The fine aggregate fills up the voids between the paste and the coarse…

Properties and Classification of Concrete in Building Materials

Introduction: Concrete is a composite man-made material and is the most widely used material in the construction Industry. It consists of a rationally chosen mixture of binding material such as lime or cement, well-graded fine and coarse aggregate, water, and admixtures sometimes (to produce concrete with special properties). Freshly mixed concrete before set is known as wet or green concrete…

Testing of Cement | Field Tests and Laboratory Tests For Cement

Testing of Cement done mainly in 2 Categories Field Test of Cement Laboratory Test of Cement 1. Field Tests of Cement Colour: Grey color with a light greenish shade. Physical Properties: Cement should feel smooth when rubbed in between the fingers. If hand is inserted in a bag or heap of cement, it should feel cool. If a small quantity of cement is thrown in a bucket of water, it should sink…