One thing at a time!

Cake catches husband 

1 can sweetened condensed milk 

The same measure can of whole milk 

1 small glass of coconut milk 

The same measure can of special (or regular) flour 

1/2 of the can as sugar 

3 large eggs integers 

3 tablespoons margarine 

It will not ferment 

HOW TO PREPARE 

Beat all everything in a blender 

Place in a greased and floured cake pan 

Bake in moderate oven (200 ° C) until golden brown, 30 to 60 minutes depends on the oven 

Do the toothpick test to remove the oven 

The cake is a cheesecake with consistency and very yummy 

additional information 

Once upon a time I told you I’d love you forever on a day where I was too young and dumb and iocent. Five years later I’m falling asleep in someone else’s arms, and am in love with someone who is not you. But I swear, everything I said was true.

You live in the corner of my mind, in a place crammed in the corner far, far away filled with first kisses and summer days and iocence and broken hearts.

Transcription of DNA into RNA, enzymatic reactions, RNA, RNA degradation

Transcription

Initiation: promoter recognition, closed complex, open complex.

Promoter:

Prokaryotic: ←upstream, -35 region, Pribnow box, transcription start site (TSS, +1), downstream→

Eukaryotic: ←upstream, several upstream elements, TATA box, initiator element containing TSS (+1), downstream→

The high A-T composition in promoters facilitate unwinding of DNA.

Template strand = antisense strand = (-) strand = noncoding strand = the DNA strand that serves as the template for transcription.

Nontemplate strand = sense strand = (+) strand = coding strand = the DNA strand having the same sequence as the transcribed RNA.

Binding to promoter:

Prokaryotic:

holoenzyme = core enzyme (polymerase activity) + σ-subunit (promoter and strand specificity).

binding first forms the closed complex, and then DNA opens up, forms the open complex.

Eukaryotic:

A whole bunch of transcription factors (TFs) involved in promoter recognition, binding, and openning up DNA.

TBP = Tata binding protein. TAF = TBP associated factor.

Phosphorylation of Pol II C-terminal domain (CTD) opens DNA up, forms the open complex.

Polymerase must transcribe using the correct template strand. The σ-factor (prokaryotes) and TFs (eukaryotes) tell the RNA polymerase to bind the coding strand, while using the template strand as the template.

Elongation:

Polymerases:

Prokaryotes have just one.

Eukaryotes have three:

1. RNA Pol I: makes rRNA (except the small 5S rRNA that resembles a tRNA in size).

2. RNA Pol II: makes mRNA.

3. RNA Pol III: makes tRNA (and 5S rRNA).

Incorporation of NTPs.

Prokaryotes lose σ-subunit. Eukaryotes lose TFs.

Topoisomerases relaxing supercoils ahead and behind the polymerase.

Transcription-coupled repair: RNA Pol II encounters DNA damage, backs up, TFIIH comes along, recruits repair enzymes. Defective TFIIH → faulty transcription-coupled repair → Xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne syndrome (skin sensitive to sunlight radiation in both diseases).

Termination

Prokaryotic:

Intrinsic termination: GC hairpin (stalls polymerase) followed by poly U (slips off).

Rho-dependent termination: ρ protein catches up to polymerase when it stalls at the hairpin, and bumps it off.

Eukaryotic:

Termination consensus sequence reached (AAUAAA).

Polymerase released somewhere further downstream to the consensus sequence.

RNA

1. RNA = ribonucleic acid, has 2’-OH.

2. rRNA = ribosomal RNA

Most abundant (r for rampant).

Catalyzes peptide bond formation in the ribosome.

3. mRNA = messenger RNA

Longest (m for massive).

Contains sequence of codons for translation.

RNA splicing

pre-mRNA need to be processed.

Introns = interfering sequences, cut out.

Exons = spliced together.

RNA splicing proceeds via a lariat intermediate, by the action of the spliceosome (snRNPs), introns released in lariat form.

Some RNA can self splice.

4. tRNA = transfer RNA

Smallest (t for tiny).

Contains anticodon.

Shuttles the correct amino acid to the correct codon during translation.

5. snRNPs (snurps) = RNA + protein, involved in RNA splicing.

RNA degradation

RNases degrade RNA.

Post-transcriptional modifications protect RNA from degradation (5’ cap and polyA tail)