Tupi-Guarani Mythology
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Context:
When we speak of Tupi-Guarani mythology, we mean the gods, spirits, creatures, cosmogonies (myths about the creation of the universe), anthropogonies (the creation of humanity), and rituals of various Tupi-Guarani peoples (hence the variation in legends). In these myths, the relationship between spirituality and nature is common.
It is difficult to find information about these peoples and their mythologies because they have a verbal, unwritten culture. Their spiritual leader is the shaman/pajé. They communicate with the forces of nature through ancestral knowledge and shamanic practices.
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Cosmogony:
In most legends, the creator god and primary figure is Nhanderuvuçú (Nhamandú/Yamandú/Nhandejara), and in other versions, it is Tupã (thunder). There are also other versions in which Ñane Ramõi Jusu Papa (Our Eternal Great Grandfather) formed himself from Jasuka, an original substance (I will not elaborate on this version in this post).
With the help of Ya-cy (Jaci, goddess of the Moon), Tupã descended to Earth on a mountain in the Areguá region of Paraguay and created everything, including the ocean, forests, animals, stars, and so on. Then, thunder (many claim Tupã is the god of thunder, but it is more widely accepted that he was not a god at all, but rather a manifestation of a god in the form of the sound of thunder) created humanity. Humans were created in a ceremony by forming clay statues of men and women from a mixture of various natural elements. After breathing life into human forms, he left them with the spirits of good and evil and departed.
In the Ayvú Rapyta ("The Foundations of Being," a compilation of myths in the form of sacred songs of the Mbyá-Guarani people), there is a myth describing Nhanderuvuçú, the essence of Tupã Tenodé, through Mborayu (Love), generating Kuaray and the Great Sound, "which begins to dance and sing in the immensity of Nhamandú and create worlds through its sacred songs," realizing creation as music and manifesting in the form of a hummingbird.
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Anthropogony:
The original humans created by Tupã were Rupave (Father of the People) and Sypave (Mother of the People). They had three sons and many daughters. The first son was Tumé Arandú, the wisest of men and the great prophet of the people. Then came Marangatu, a great and good leader of the people and father of Kerana, mother of the seven legendary monsters. The last son was Japeusá, considered from birth a liar, thief, and cheat, always seeking to take advantage of others. He committed suicide by drowning but was resurrected as a crab, and thus all crabs were cursed to walk backward like him. Among the daughters of Rupave and Sypave was Porâsý, who sacrificed herself to rid the world of one of the seven legendary monsters.
The Tupi-Guarani also believe that several of the first humans ascended upon their deaths, becoming lesser entities.
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The Seven Legendary Monsters:
Kerana, the beautiful daughter of Marangatu, was captured by the personification of evil, Taúba (Taubymana/Tau). Together, they had seven children, who were cursed by the great goddess Jaci, and all but one were born as hideous monsters. These monsters are:
Teju Jagua: God of caves and fruits
Mboi Tu'i: God of waterways and aquatic creatures
Moñai: God of open fields (defeated by the sacrifice of Porâsý)
Jaci Jaterê: God of siesta (a period of rest in the afternoon, usually after lunch). He is the only one of the brothers who is not a monster.
Kurupi: God of sexuality and fertility
Ao Ao: God of hills and mountains
Luison: God of death
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Soul for the Tupi-Guarani:
The soul is an important concept for these people. For them, the soul is not exclusive to humans, but rather to all living beings, with multiple souls rather than just one.
For the Mbya, everyone has three souls: one connected to the body, one to dreams, and one to the spirit (nhe'ẽ). The individual dies when these three souls abandon them simultaneously. It was believed that the soul of the body (ãngue ry) represented the dark side of the being, but it is more accurate to say that the soul is associated with imbalances that need to be healed throughout life. When a being dies, this soul wanders the earth like a ghost that needs to be harmonized and cared for through rituals. Unlike this, other souls depart for the spiritual life.










