monachopsis

You’re gonna get seriously tired of yourself and how your mind sometimes works. There may even be points where you roll your eyes at yourself and mutter “really, this again?”

It’s gonna be difficult to explain to people who don’t have it. You can’t just stop worrying, if you could you’d have done it a long time ago.

It can take a long-ass time before you find the right kind of help, whether that’s a therapist or medication or something different.

Screaming works.

You can get irrational, crazy thoughts like “hey why shouldn’t I just jump outta the window right now”. This is not you. This is your anxiety.

You may develop tics.

You can feel physically sick enough to stay in bed. You can throw up, pass out, even develop a fever (!!!) from anxiety. This usually happens around panic attacks.

Oh yeah, you can get those as well.

The Poison Garden

Established in 2005 by the Duchess of Northumberland. The garden contains over 100 deadly and hallucinogenic plants. 

’I wondered why so many gardens around the world focused on the healing power of plants rather than their ability to kill… I felt that most children I knew would be more interested in hearing how a plant killed, how long it would take you to die if you ate it and how gruesome and painful the death might be.’

Zendaya’s ‘Spider-Man: Homecoming’ Role Revealed (Exclusive)

Zendaya will be playing long-time Spider-Man love interest Mary Jane Watson in next summer’s “Spider-Man: Homecoming,” two individuals with knowledge of the project told TheWrap.

Diehard Spidey fans have long speculated about whom the 19-year-old Disney Channel star would portray in Sony’s high-profile reboot of the superhero franchise, starring British actor Tom Holland as a teenage Peter Parker, a.k.a. Spider-Man.

Googly-eyed cephalopod

Researchers aboard the research ship Nautilus were combing the sea floor off the California coast last week when they swept their camera across a startling sight some 900 metres below the surface: two prominent eyes staring right back at them.

The tiny, bright purple cephalopod with large “googly eyes,” as one of the observers on the video put it, soon had the researchers and crew of the vessel laughing uncontrollably and joking that its eyes looked “weird” and “fake.”

pretends he is cool, but is actually pun lord

uses his cigarettes for sword fights (which he loses)

Actually, that’s not a dumb question at all.  It’s a very fundamental question, and so the answer is something people often take for granted.

First and foremost, chemical compounds do not necessarily share the properties of the elements they’re made of.  This is an important principle of chemistry, because it explains the vast diversity of chemical substances.  The human body is made up of many, many different types molecules, but it’s mostly made of just four elements: Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon.  You can combine these four elements into all sorts of different combinations and proportions, and each combination has different properties depending on how the atoms of each element are arranged. 

Water is made up of two hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom. This happens because oxygen atoms have a lot of electrons in their outermost electron shell, while hydrogen atoms have very few.   Atoms can become more stable when they have a completely full outermost shell.  They can do this by giving up or acquiring electrons to become ions.  Another solution is to share electrons by forming chemical bonds.  This is something hydrogen and oxygen do very well. 

Hydrogen is the simplest element.  It’s outermost electron shell is its only shell, and it only has one electron in it.   It needs just on more to have a full shell.  Left to themselves, hydrogen atoms will solve this problem by simply sharing electrons with one another, forming molecules with two hydrogen atoms apiece.  We can call this molecule “dihydrogen” or “diatomic hydrogen”, or “molecular hydrogen”, but usually it’s just called hydrogen, since this is the form we usually deal with when we think about the element.

Since the two hydrogen atoms are sharing their electrons, they can both have a full outermost electron shell at the same time.   This form is more stable, but only if the chemical bond between them remains in tact.   But it takes some energy to break the bond.  Without that energy, the hydrogen atoms aren’t likely to separate on their own. 

What this means is that a hydrogen molecule isn’t particularly reactive.  It just sort of floats around without much interest in interacting with anything else.  This includes other hydrogen molecules.  Because each hydrogen atom only has one electron apiece, they can only form one chemical bond at a time.  So there’s not much point in switching partners.  The molecules of hydrogen will just sort of float around and bounce off one another without doing anything. 

This is why hydrogen is a gas.  You can condense hydrogen into a liquid, but only at a very low temperature, -252.9°C.  At that temperature, the molecules become so low in energy that they can’t bounce around as fast, and it becomes easier for them to stick together.  But they’re not tightly bound together, so they can still flow around each other.  That’s a liquid. 

By contrast, iron is a solid at room temperature because its atoms are much more willing to cling together and form rigid crystalline structures.  These structures don’t start to come loose until the iron is very hot, which is why iron has a very high melting point (1,538°C), and an even higher boiling point (2,862°C).

The same principle that explains hydrogen’s low boiling point also apply to oxygen.  Oxygen atoms have six electrons in their outermost shell, but they need eight to be completely full.  So they pair off, much like hydrogen atoms, except they share two electrons apiece, forming two chemical bonds, or a double bond. 

Now it is possible for oxygen atoms to bond with multiple atoms at one time, this generally doesn’t work when it’s just oxygen atoms involved.  Ozone is a molecule of three oxygen atoms, and while they’re able to make it work, the arrangement isn’t very stable, so it doesn’t take much to pull it apart.  This is what makes ozone so reactive, and why it’s toxic enough that large cities will declare “ozone alerts” when there’s too much of it in the atmosphere. 

Generally speaking, oxygen prefers a two-atom molecular form, because each atom in the pair is too greedy for electrons to let its partner try to share with someone else at the same time.  So oxygen molecules behave similarly to hydrogen molecules, bouncing around without much interaction.  So oxygen is a gas too, until you cool it down to -183°C.  It’s boiling point isn’t quite as cold as hydrogen’s, but it’s still far colder than anything on Earth outside of a laboratory.  So we think of hydrogen and oxygen as gases.

However, while the molecules of these gases don’t interact much with themselves, they do react violently with one another.  This is because oxygen is greedy for electrons, while hydrogen is anxious to share electrons.  Their diatomic molecules make a decent arrangement, but an even better arrangement can be had by combining together to form a new molecule: water. 

Since oxygen can form two chemical bonds at a time, and hydrogen can only form one, the resulting molecule has two hydrogen atoms sharing electrons with the one oxygen atom.   But the water molecule has an interesting shape, and this is a consequence of the atoms it’s made up of. 

See, we might assume the molecule exists in a straight line: H-O-H.  But this isn’t how it works.  Oxygen atoms have six outermost electrons, and electrons repel one another, so when you have six off them in a valence shell together, they prefer to space themselves out.  The best way to do that is a sort of tetrahedral formation.  Imagine the oxygen atom like a big balll, and a pair of electrons sticks out at the very top.  Then towards the bottom three more pairs are arranged like the legs on a stool.  The advantage of this is that each electron pair is as far apart from one another as possible, including the electrons used to form bonds with hydrogen. 

So when all is said and done water molecules have this bent structure, with an angle of about 105 degrees.  And this creates an odd distribution of electrons in the overall structure. 

See, you’ve got these other six electrons on one side of the oxygen atom, and on the other you have these hydrogens sharing relatively few electrons.  This lopsided electron distribution leads to a phenomenon called a dipole moment, where each water molecule sort of has a little positive charge on the hydrogen side, and a little negative charge on the oxygen side.  Because of this, the atoms in a water molecule will be drawn to other water molecules.

The intermolecular attraction between hydrogen and oxygen isn’t as strong as a chemical bond.  Otherwise every water molecule would just fall apart as the atoms all swapped dance partners over and over.  But the attraction is there.  Chemists call this a hydrogen bond, since hydrogen atoms have a tendency to do this in molecules where they’re stuck to electron greedy species like oxygen.  This attraction between the molecules makes it tougher to force them apart.  In other words, it’s tougher to get water to behave like a gas, which means it has a higher boiling point: 100°C.  And that’s a temperature above what we usually see on earth, so we tend to think of water as a liquid. 

Note that water has very different properties from oxygen and hydrogen, but we can explain those differences because of the properties of oxygen and hydrogen.  Oxygen’s greed for electrons and hydrogen’s unique one-electron structure can tell us a lot about why water does what it does.  For example, the bent molecules and the hydrogen bonding are what cause water to arrange into hexagonal crystals when it solidifies, and this is why snowflakes look the way they do.

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