Hello! I would like to talk about exactly those two ingredients and why they're the bane of my existence:
Both "Parfum/fragrance" and "flavourings" are often derived from petroleum! There is an entire field of chemistry just for formulating these products!
Below are a couple of screenshots from SpecialChem (link here) about their entry for "Parfum (Fragrance)":
And likewise for their entry on "Flavoring Agents":
Note how it's blurred out if you don't have an account! This is because these are trade secrets.
These trade secrets are still processed, predominantly, from petroleum.
Because the petroleum industry is absolutely massive, and the extraction of crude oil produces products that are not just vehicle fuels such as gasoline (for others: Benzin; products such as jet fuel fall under this classification), but also plastic, many esters on the market, and even pharmaceuticals or chemical reagents used to produce other molecules!
This is, incidentally, why the regulations on naming conventions and even a minimum quantity requirement to include an ingredient on an ingredient list are so stringently debated.
Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products on Wikipedia
PDF ANALYTICAL METHODS AND TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO
CRUDE OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS by James G. Speight, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
PDF Black Gold in Medicine: Rediscovering the Pharmacological Potential by Ulduz Hashimova et al., Molecules, 2026
PDF Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Petrochemistry: Exploring Their
Interconnection by Caldwell JR Caldwell, Industrial Chemistry, 2025
What Petrochemicals Are Used in Pharmaceuticals? on ChemBridges, 2024
Medicines and Oil: How Energy Bottlenecks Put Health at Risk by Ayesha Jamshaid De Lorenzo & Eduardo Banzon on Asian Development Bank, 2026