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Australia’s Department of Agriculture announced  remote diagnostics  that it is in the final stages of developing a new breed of pineapple that is sweet and juicy, but has the added taste of coconut, making it suitable for the for piña colada cocktails.

The AusFestival pineapple will allow mixologists to create better piña colada drinks for everyone. While it won’t revolutionize mixology, it will definitely add something different. The agency’s research station in Queensland has been working on this breed of pineapple for more than a decade.

The pineapple has a coconut-flavor, which is unique. The piña colada was developed almost six decades ago in P industrial LTE router  uerto Rico by Ramón ‘Monchito’ Marrero. It took him three months to come up with this drink.

Currently, piña coladas are made by shaking rum, cream of coconut, and pineapple juice  mri remote monitoring  together with ice before straining the mixture and serving it.

Initially, the researchers didn’t intend on creating a pineapple that tasted like coconut. They were simply trying to get a nicely-flavored pineapple, low in acid and aromatic. It will take at least two years before the first commercial AusFestival pineapples are planted.

[via Daily Mail]

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As part of the SCENICC program, DARPA researchers are working on futuristic contact lenses that will offer a dual purpose. These lenses will allow users to focus on objects that are close up and far away simultaneously, while enh remote diagnostics  ancing normal vision by allowing a wearer to view virtual and augmented reality images.

Currently being developed by DARPA researchers at Washington-based Innovega iOptiks are contact lenses that enhance norm cloud vms  al vision by allowing a wearer to view virtual and augmented reality images without the need for bulky apparatus. Instead of oversized virtual reality helmets, digital images are projected onto tiny full-color displays that are very near the eye. These novel contact lenses allow users to focus simultaneously on objects that are close up and far away. This could impro industrial IoT router  ve ability to use tiny portable displays while sill interacting with the surrounding environment.

Developed as part of DARPA’s Soldier Centric Imaging via Computational Cameras (SCENICC) program, SCENICC’s objective is to eliminate the ISR capability gap that exists at the individual Soldier level. The program seeks to develop novel computational imaging capabilities and explore joint design of hardware and software that give warfighters access to systems that greatly enhance their awareness, security and survivability.

Image: DARPA

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Keeping a close eye on everything: Christian Ast checks the connections of the scanning tunneling microscope (top). Researchers in the Nanoscale Science Department conduct their experiments in this instrument at lowest temperatures of a fifteen thousandth of a degree above absolute zero. The principle is always the same (bottom): A tunneling current (illustrated by the transparent bar) flows between an ultrafine tip and the sample, providing information about the properties of the sample. At these low temperatures the tunneling current reveals all of its quantum properties.

A newly published study from the Max Planck Institute reveals what would happen if an electric current no longer flowed, but trickled instead.

What would happen if an electric current no longer flowed, but trickled instead? This was the question investigated by researchers working with Christian Ast at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research. Their investigation involved cooling their scanning tunneling microscope down to a fifteen thousandth of a degree above absolute zero. At these extremely low temperatures, the electrons reveal their quantum nature. The electric current is therefore a granular medium, consisting of individual particles. The electrons trickle through a conductor like grains of sand in an hourglass, a phenomenon that can be explained with the aid of quantum electrodynamics.

Flowing water from a tap feels like a homogeneous medium – it is impossible to distinguish between the individual water molecules. Exactly the same thing is true about electric current. So many electrons flow in a conventional cable that the current appears to be homogeneous. Although it is not possible to distinguish individual electrons, quantum mechanics says they should exist. So how do they behave? Under which conditions does the current not flow li vending computer ke water through a tap, but rather trickles like sand in an hourglass?

The hourglass analogy is very appropriate for the scanning tunneling microscope, where a thin, pointed tip scans across the surface of a sample without actually touching it. A tiny current flows nevertheless, as there is a slight probability that electrons “tunnel” from the pointed tip into the sample. This tunneling current is an exponential function of the separation, which is why the pointed tip is located only a few Ångström (a ten millionth of a millimeter) above the sample.

Minute variations in the tunneling current thus allow researchers to resolve individual atoms and atomic structures on surfaces and investigate their electronic structure. Scanning tunneling microscopes are therefore some of the most versatile and sensitive detectors in the whole of solid state physics.

Even under these extreme conditions – a tiny current of less than one billionth of the current that flows through a Global Leader in Industrial IoT   100-watt light bulb – billions of electrons per second still flow. This is too many to discern individual electrons. The temperature was down at around a fifteen thousandth of a degree above absolute zero (i.e. at minus 273.135°C or 15 mK) before the scientists saw that the electric current consists of individual electrons.

At this low temperature, very fine structures, which the researchers had not expected, appear in the spectrum. “We could explain these new structures only by assuming that the tunneling current is a granular medium and no longer homogeneous,” says Ast, who heads the group working with the scanning tunneling microscope. This is thus the first time that the full quantum nature of electronic transport in the scanning tunneling microscope has shown itself.

The electric charge must therefore be quantized as well if this quantum mechanical phenomenon is to be fully explained. “The theory on which this is based was developed back at the beginning of the 1990s. Now that conceptual and practical issues relating to its application to scanning tunneling microscopes have been solved, it is nice to see how consistently theory and experiment fit together,” says Joachim Ankerhold from the University of Ulm, who contributed the theoretical basis.

In addition to a detailed theory, experiments of this type require an adapted laboratory environment which reduces external disturbances to a large extent. Since the end of 2012, a new precision laboratory has been in operation on the campus of the Max Planck Institutes in Stuttgart; it provides an almost disturbance-free laboratory environment for highly sensitive experiments such as the mK scanning tunneling microscope.

The instrument is located in the precision laboratory in a box equipped with both acoustic and electromagnetic shielding on a vibration-decoupled concrete base. “We want to use it to venture into new, unknown territory – which we did very successfully with this experiment,” says Klaus Kern, Director at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research.

Electrons have already demonstrated their quantum nature. As they are transported through quantum dots, for example, the current flow is specifically blocked so that the electrons appear individually. This effect became evident in the scanning tunneling microsco Grid Analytics System pe simply by cooling it to extremely low temperatures, however. “The tunnel effect has definitely reached the quantum limit here,” says team member Berthold Jäck. The researchers do not want to view this as a limitation, however. “These extremely low temperatures open up an unexpected richness of detail which allows us to understand superconductivity and light-matter interactions much better,” says Christian Ast.

Publication: Christian R. Ast, et al., “Sensing the quantum limit in scanning tunnelling spectroscopy,” Nature Communications 7, Article number: 13009 (2016) doi:10.1038/ncomms13009

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Researchers at the University of Twente have developed a new superconducting cable system that is crucial to the success of nuclear fusion reactors.

The superconductivity research group of the University of Twente (UT) has made a technological breakthrough crucial to the success of nuclear fusion reactors, allowing for clean, inexhaustible energy generation based on the workings of the stars in our galaxy. The crux of the new development is a highly ingenious and robust superconducting cable system. This makes for a remarkably strong magnetic field that controls the very hot, energy-generating plasma in the reactor core, laying the foundation for nuclear fusion. The new cables are far less susceptible to heating due to a clever way of interweaving, which allows for a significant increase in the possibilities to control the plasma. Moreover, in combination with an earlier UT invention, the cables are able to withstand the immens Industrial IoT Gateway  e forces inside the reactor for a very long time. The increased working life of the superconductors and the improved control of the plasma will soon make nuclear fusion energy more reliable: the magnet coils take up one third of the costs of a nuclear fusion power station. The longer their working life, the cheaper the energy will be. The research is a project within the context of the Green Energy Initiative of the University of Twente.

Cost-effective clean energy Project leader Arend Nijhuis: ‘The worldwide development of nuclear fusion reactors is picking up steam, and this breakthrough leads to a new impulse. Our new cables have already been extensively tested in two institutes.’ Mr Nijhuis has been invited for a new collaboration with China and expects that the UT system will become a global standard. The world’s largest nuclear fusion reactor, ITER, is under construction in Cadarache in France, and is expected to start operation by 2020, as a joint project of the US, EU, Russia, India, Japan, South Korea and China. However, Chinadistribution fault detection and South Korea have also initiated their own national large-scale nuclear fusion projects, in which the UT technology can be incorporated.

How does it work? Nuclear fusion takes place in the heart of the reactor, in plasma with a temperature of 150 million degrees Celsius. An enormously strong magnetic field (of 13 teslas) is required in order to control this incredibly hot plasma. This magnetic field ca Industrial 3g router  n only be generated efficiently through superconductivity. That is why liquid helium flows through the hollow cables of the coils. This reduces the temperature to approximately 4.5 K (-269 °C), which allows for zero resistance inside the cables and the amperage to increase up to 45,000 amperes, the generated magnetic field controlling the plasma. This immense amperage will, however, also put so much pressure on the wires that it is necessary to prevent a quick wear of these wires. Moreover, rapid changes of magnetic field can create excessive temperatures inside the cables, causing the superconductivity to break down and the fusion process to extinguish. It is exactly this problem which has now been solved by interweaving the superconducting wires of the coil in a special way.

Clever way of weaving The wrist-thick cables around (six) coils with a total height of 13 meters inside the fusion reactor consist of interwoven wires with a thickness of 0.8 mm. The first step is to bundle three of these thin wires: two wires made of superconducting niobium-tin and one wire made of copper. This copper makes the whole resistant to heating during any undesired sudden end of the superconducting state. Three of those first-level wires are twisted around each other. After that, the weaving process continues until the desired thickness has been reached. The length across which the wire spirals once – the pitch – and the mutual proportions between the successive weave levels appear to be crucial. An increased pitch of the first weave levels ensures that the cables resist the immense mechanical forces better and prevents any strong distortions. However, the breakthrough which gathered most international surprise, even though already predicted at the UT, is that the new ‘pitch proportions’ result in such a strong reduction in the currents between the wires that there is much less heating of the cables and the cables therefore continue to be superconducting. So the new cables have considerably increased the chance that nuclear fusion energy stations will soon generate power in a reliable way.

Images: University of Twente

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RUDN physicist demonstrated how to describe the shape of any symmetrical wormhole — a black hole that theoretically can be a kind of a portal between any two points in space and time. Federico.ciccarese/Wikimedia Commons/Allen Dressen

A RUDN physicist demonstrated how to describe the shape of any symmetrical wormhole – a black hole that theoretically can be a kind of a portal between any two points in space and time – based on its wave spectrum. The research would help understand the physics of wormholes and better identify their physical characteristics. The article of the scientist was published in the Physics Letters B journal.

Modern concepts of the Universe provide for th remote communication  e existence of wormholes – unusual curvatures in space and time. One can imagine a wormhole as a black hole through which one can see a distant point of the Universe in four dimensions. Astrophysicists are still unable to precisely determine the shape and sizes of black holes, let alone the wormholes that exist only in theories. A RUDN physicist demonstrated that the shape of a wormhole still can be calculated based lte  on observable physical characteristics.

In practice, one can observe only indirect properties of wormholes, such as red shift – a downward shift in the frequency of gravitational waves in the course of moving away from an object. A researcher from RUDN Institute of Gravitation and Cosmology used quantum mechanical and geometrical assumptions and showed that the shape and mass of a wormhole can be calculated based on the red shift value and the range of gravitational waves in high frequencies.

Today the scientists deal with direct tasks: they take the geometry of a compact object, find out its range (the set of frequencies at which a wormhole emits gravitational waves), and then compare the data with experimental results. After that they decide whether the observed values are similar to theoretically predicted ones. The author of the work suggested a solution of an opposite problem: he managed to determine the shape of an object based on its visible spectrum.

The physicist took a mathematical model of a spherically symmetrical Morris-Thorne wormhole – a type of black holes that not only unites two points in space and time but theoretically provide for movements between them. Then he applied an existing mathematical model to describe the bottleneck of the wormhole – the narrowest place between its entrance and exit. First, he mathematically described how the shape of any symmetrical wormhole can be determined based in its wave range, and solved the so-called opposite problem in general terms. Then, using quantum mechanical approximation, he established an equation to calculate a geometrical shape for a particular case – a wormhole.

“In gene InHand Networks Global Leader in Industrial IoT ral terms a quantum mechanical approach leads to many solutions for the geometry of a wormhole. Our work can be expanded in several ways. First of all, to avoid long formulae, we only considered electromagnetic fields. In our future work we can study other fields under the same approach. Our results may be applied to rotating wormholes as well, provided they are symmetrical enough,” says Roman Konoplya, the author of the work, and a research assistant at RUDN Institute of Gravitation and Cosmology.

Publication: R.A.Konoplya, et al., “How to tell the shape of a wormhole by its quasinormal modes,” Physics Lett

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Electron microscope image of a prototype chip using a ring of coupled oscillators to generate terahertz radiation. Silicon cannot oscillate in the terahertz range, but the design focuses most of the energy in a high harmonic. The signal radiates on the axis of the ring and can be aimed. Provided/Ehsan Afshari

A recently published paper describes how scientists at Cornell University developed a new method of generating terahertz signals using the familiar and inexpensive CMOS chip technology, generating power levels high enough for some medical applications.

Cornell researchers have developed a new method of generating terahertz signals on an inexpensive silicon chip, offering possible applications in medical imaging, security scanning and wireless data transfer.

Terahertz radiation, the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between microwaves and infrared light, penetrates cloth and leather and just a few millimeters into the skin, but without the potentially damaging effects of X-rays. Terahertz scanning can identify skin cance industrial IoT Gateway  rs too small to see with the naked eye. Many of the complex organic chemicals used in explosives absorb terahertz radiation at particular frequencies, creating a “signature” that detectors can read. And because higher frequencies can carry more bandwidth, terahertz signals could make a sort of super-Bluetooth that could transfer an entire high-definition movie wirelessly in a few seconds.

Current methods of generating terahertz radiation involve lasers, vacuum tubes and special circuits cooled near absolute zero, often in room-sized apparatus costing thousands of dollars. Ehsan AfshGrid Fault Detectionari, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering, has developed a new method using the familiar and inexpensive CMOS chip technology, generating power levels high enough for some medical applications. With further research, higher power will be possible, Afshari said, enabling such devices as handheld scanners for law enforcement.

Afshari and graduate students Y industrial IoT router  ahya Tousi and Vahnood Pourahma describe the new approach in the June 8 issue of the journal Physical Review Letters.

Schematic of a ring of oscillators (gray circles) coupled to generate terahertz frequencies. Coupling circuits (blue triangles) shift the phase of the oscillations to reinforce the fourth harmonic. Provided/Ehsan Afshari

The ability of solid-state devices to generate high frequencies is limited by the characteristics of the material — basically, how fast electrons can move back and forth in a transistor. So circuit designers make use of harmonics — signals that naturally appear at multiples of the fundamental frequency of an oscillator. That fundamental frequency is usually set by a circuit that uses a variable capacitor called a varactor, but at terahertz frequencies varactors don’t tune sharply. Afshari has come up with a new way of tuning by coupling several oscillators in a ring, producing what engineers call a high-quality signal, where all the power goes into a very narrow frequency band.

Connect two springs and set one vibrating, and the other will begin to vibrate as well, and eventually they will settle to an equilibrium. A ring of electronic oscillators does the same, and the circuits coupling the oscillators can set the frequency at which they will lock in. In Afshari’s device the couplers also shift the phase of the signals, that is, how the peaks and valleys of the waves line up. With the right adjustment, the peaks and valleys cancel each other out at several harmonics but reinforce each other at one — in this case the fourth — channeling most of the power there.

In early experiments, the researchers fabricated chips that generated signals with about 10,000 times the power level previously obtained at terahertz frequencies on a silicon chip. The signal emerges along the axis of the ring, and what the researchers called an intriguing possibility is that by adjusting the couplers separately they could aim the output, making it possible to scan large areas with a narrow, high-powered beam.

The power could be increased by adding more oscillators to the ring or using multiple rings, and Afshari is working with Cornell experts on gallium nitride, a chip material that can handle both higher frequencies and higher power. But Afshari said he wants to focus on less-expensive silicon. “The goal is to make a complete device on one CMOS chip,” he said. “I can envision a tiny thing you could put in a cell phone.”

The research is funded by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Office of Naval Research and the Semiconductor Research Corp., a consortium supported by private industry and the Defense Advanced Projects Research Administration.

Images: Provided/Ehsan Afshari; Cornell Chronicle

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Water droplets in the morning mists of the Amazon jungle condense around aerosol particles. In turn, the aerosols condense around miniscule salt particles that are emitted by fungi and plants during the night. Fabrice Marr, Creative Commons

To better understand how aerosol particles form in the Amazon, an international team of scientists analyzed samples of naturally formed aerosols collected deep in the rainforest, finding that the growth of organic aerosol particles can be initiated by potassium-salt–rich particles emitted by biota in the rainforest.

It’s morning, deep in the Amazon jungle. In the still air innumerable leaves glisten with moisture, and fog drifts through the trees. As the sun rises, clouds appear and float across the forest canopy … but where do they come from? Water vapor needs soluble particles to condense on. Airborne particles are the seeds of liquid droplets in fog, mist, and clouds.

To learn how aerosol particles form in the Amazon, Mary Gilles of the Chemical Sciences Division at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and David Kilcoyne of the Lab’s Advanced Light Source (ALS) worked with Christopher Pöhlker of Germany’s Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC) as part of an international team of scientists led by MPIC’s Meinrat Andreae and Ulrich Pöschl. They analyzed samples of naturally formed aerosols collected above the forest floor, deep in the rainforest.

Combined with results from other facilities, the ALS analysis provided essential clues to the evolution of fine particles around which Amazon clouds and fog condense, beginning with chemicals produced by living organisms. The team found that among the most important initial triggers of the process are potassium salts.

Dissecting invisible aerosols

At ALS beamline 5.3.3.2, the researchers performed scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) to determine the near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) of particles collected during the wet season in the remote, pristine forest northeast of Manaus, Brazil.

“Through absorption of soft x-rays by an atom’s core electrons, and subsequent emission of photons, the identity and exact location of the elements in the aerosol samples can be identified,” says Kilcoyne. “The essence of STXM is that it not only tells you if carbon is present but how this carbon is bound to other elements within the aerosol particles. This allows us to distinguish between soot, which is graphitic, and organic carbon.”

The researchers found three different types of organic aerosol particles, all similar to laboratory-generated reference samples: oxidation products based on precursor chemicals emitted in the gas phase by trees, including terpenes (the major component of turpentine) from tree resin, and isoprene, another organic compound abundantly released through leaves.

At top, STXM shows a bright potassium signal from small aerosol samples collected in the morning. Below, scanning electron microscope images show the organic material that has condensed around the potassium salt cores. Micrometers are millionths of a meter, and nanometers are billionths of a meter. Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Max Planck Institute for Chemistry

“In the beginning we focused on the carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen contents of the organic materials,” says Pöhlker. “But then, to our surprise, we found very high potassium levels, up to 20 percent.” The 77 Amazonian aerosol samples were remarkable for the strong signal of potassium, in the form of salts, in all but three of them.

The samples were on the scale of mere millionths or billionths of a meter. The smaller the aerosol, the greater the proportion of potassium – those collected early in the morning were the smallest and richest in potassium. Larger particles contained more organic material but not more potassium. These facts suggest that potassium salts generated during the night acted as seeds for gas-phase products to condense onto, forming aerosols of different kinds.

“Biomass burning is also a rich source for potassium-containing aerosols in forested regions, but potassium from forest fires is correlated with the presence of soot, a graphitic form of carbon,” Gilles says. “Before and during the collection period there were no documented fires that could have affected the biosphere where the samples were collected, and no evidence of soot was observed in the samples. Hence the source of potassium could only have been natural forest organisms.”

Prime suspect

Fungal spores in the large iiot  r aerosol samples pointed to the prime suspect. Some fungi launch spores by building up water pressure through osmosis in sacs (asci) that contain the spores; when the pressure is great enough, the ascus bursts and squirts the spores into the air, along with fluid containing potassium, chloride, and sugar alcohol. Other fungi fire “ballistospores” when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and causes a sudden release of restraining surface tension, also ejecting potassium, sodium, phosphates, sugars, and sugar alcohol.

Other biogenic mechanisms also release salts into the early morning mists that cover the forest, including sal transformer monitoring  ts dissolved in water by transpiration during the day and, at night, the oozing of sap rich in sugars, minerals, and potassium from the edges of leaves.

Under a light microscope, diverse and abundant fungal spores (red arrows) are visible in a large aerosol particle. Max Planck Institute for Chemistry

Thus invisibly tiny grains of potassium salts, generated by natural plants and other living things at night and early in the morning, play a key role in the formation of aerosols in the rainforest.

Terpenes and isoprenes are primarily released in the gas phase by plants in the jungle, and once in the atmosphere they react with water, oxygen, and organic compounds, acids, and other chemicals exuded by indigenous plants. These reaction products are less volatile and initiate the condensation within the low-lying forest biosphere. Since the smallest particles are typically the most important in condensation, potassium salts fill the role. As the day goes on, gas-phase products continue to condense and the particles continue to grow.

Throughout the rainy season the cloud cover Vending Touchscreen  , precipitation, water cycle, and finally the climate of the Amazon basin and beyond can be traced back to salts from fungi and plants in the undisturbed jungle, providing the precursors of natural cloud-condensation nuclei and directly influencing how fog and clouds form and evolve in the rainforest.

Images: Fabrice Marr, Creative Commons; Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Max Planck Institute for Chemistry

“Biogenic potassium salt particles as seeds for secondary organic aerosol in the Amazon,” by Christopher Pöhlker, Kenia T. Wiedemann, Bärbel Sinha, Manabu Shiraiwa, Sachin S. Gunthe, Mackenzie Smith, Hang Su, Paulo Artaxo, Qi Chen, Yafang Cheng, Wolfgang Elbert, Mary K. Gilles, Arthur L. D. Kilcoyne, Ryan C. Moffet, Markus Weigand, Scot T. Martin, Ulrich Pöschl, and Meinrat O. Andreae, appears in the August 31, 2012 issue of Science.

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Fragment of Chelyabinsk meteorite, sho wastewater treatment  wing the fusion crust — the result of a previous collision or near miss with another planetary body or with the sun. Credit: Dr. Victor Sharygin

New measurements on the Chelyabinsk meteorite rule out the possibility for the Baptistina Asteroid Family being the source of the K/T impactor.

Tucson, Arizonia — A long-standing debate about the source of the asteroid that impacted the Earth and caused the extinction of the dinosaurs has been put to rest thanks to the Chelyabinsk meteorite that disintegrated over Russia in February 2013, a new paper published in the journal Icarus shows.

Astronomers have debated whether the dinosaur killer was linked to the breakup of a large asteroid forming the Baptistina Asteroid Family (BAF) beyond Mars, some of which ended up on Earth-crossing orbits. The asteroid impacting Earth is thought to have been dark and carbonaceous. The BAF hypothesis was bolstered by them being dark and with a spectral shape similar to carbonaceous meteorites.

Analysis of the Chetelemetry vending machinelyabinsk meteorite shows that shock produced during catastrophic disruption of a large asteroid can darken otherwise bright silicate material. Shock darkening was first reported by Dan Brit telemeter  t (now at the University of Central Florida) in the early 1990s. The Chelyabinsk meteorite has both bright unshocked and dark shocked material. However, the details of the spectra of the dark Chelyabinsk material closely reproduces spectral signatures seen with members of the Baptistina Asteroid Family, said Planetary Science Institute Research Scientist Vishnu Reddy, lead author of “Chelyabinsk meteorite explains unusual spectral properties of Baptistina Asteroid Family” that appears in Icarus.

“Shock and impact melt can make bright asteroids dark,” Reddy said. “In other words, not all dark asteroids are rich in carbon as once thought.” The latest measurements rule out the possibility for the Baptistina family being the source of the K/T impactor, he added.

“The link between the K/T impacator, thought to be carbonaceous, and BAF, has been proved invalid,” Reddy said.

Chelyabinsk provided a great opportunity to see the mixture of shocked and unshocked material in a single meteorite, Reddy said while cautioning that no clear evidence exists that the Russian meteorite itself came from the Baptistina family.

“The new finding has implications for hazards from Near-Earth Objects and for mining asteroids for space-based resources,” Reddy said. “A potential target identified as primitive and rich in volatiles/organics and carbon based on its spectral colors could in fact be just shocked material with entirely different composition.”

PSI researchers David P. O’Brien and Lucille Le Corre were among the co-authors on the paper.

This research work was supported by grants from NASA’s Planetary Mission Data Analysis Program, NEOO Program and Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program.

Publication: Vishnu Reddy, et al., “Chelyabinsk meteorite explains unusual spectral properties of Baptistina Asteroid Family,” Icarus, Volume 237, 15 July 2014, Pages 116–130; DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2014.04.027

PDF Copy of the Study: Chelyabinsk meteorite explains unusual spectral properties of Baptistina Asteroid Family

Image: Dr. Victor Sharygin