I'm so thrilled to share the cover of my next book,
Unauthorized Bread: A Radicalized Graphic Novel.
Based on the story by Cory Doctorow, adapted by J.R. Doyle and me, Unauthorized Bread is about Salima, a young woman living on the margins in an apartment building where everything, from the elevators to the appliances, are designed to enforce inequality. Can Salima work with her neighbors to jailbreak their tech without getting caught⌠or evicted?
Coming out from First Second on April 20, 2027. Preorders open!
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Forget F1: the only car race that matters now is the race to turn your car into a digital extraction machine, a high-speed inkjet printer on wheels, stealing your private data as it picks your pocket. Your carâs digital infrastructure is a costly, dangerous nightmareâââbut for automakers in pursuit of postcapitalist utopia, itâs a dream they canât give up on.
Your car is stuffed full of microchips, a fact the world came to appreciate after the pandemic struck and auto production ground to a halt due to chip shortages. Of course, that wasnât the whole story: when the pandemic started, the automakers panicked and canceled their chip orders, only to immediately regret that decision and place new orders.
But it was too late: semiconductor production had taken a serious body-blow, and when Big Car placed its new chip orders, it went to the back of a long, slow-moving line. It was a catastrophic bungle: microchips are so integral to car production that a car is basically a computer network on wheels that you stick your fragile human body into and pray.
The car manufacturers got so desperate for chips that they started buying up washing machines for the microchips in them, extracting the chips and discarding the washing machines like some absurdo-dystopian cyberpunk walnut-shelling machine:
These digital systems are a huge problem for the car companies. They are the underlying cause of a precipitous decline in car quality. From touch-based digital door-locks to networked sensors and cameras, every digital system in your car is a source of endless repair nightmares, costly recalls and cybersecurity vulnerabilities:
Whatâs more, drivers hate all the digital bullshit, from the janky touchscreens to the shitty, wildly insecure apps. Digital systems are driversâ most significant point of dissatisfaction with the automakersâ products:
Even the automakers sorta-kinda admit that this is a problem. Back in 2020 when Massachusetts was having a Right-to-Repair ballot initiative, Big Car ran these unfuckingbelievable scare ads that basically said, âYour car spies on you so comprehensively that giving anyone else access to its systems will let murderers stalk you to your home and kill you:
But even amid all the complaining about cars getting stuck in the Internet of Shit, thereâs still not much discussion of why the car-makers are making their products less attractive, less reliable, less safe, and less resilient by stuffing them full of microchips. Are car execs just the latest generation of rubes whoâve been suckered by Silicon Valley bullshit and convinced that apps are a magic path to profitability?
Nope. Car execs are sophisticated businesspeople, and theyâre surfing capitalismâs latestâââand lastâââhot trend: dismantling capitalism itself.
Now, leftists have been predicting the death of capitalism since The Communist Manifesto, but even Marx and Engels warned us not to get too frisky: capitalism, they wrote, is endlessly creative, constantly reinventing itself, re-emerging from each crisis in a new form that is perfectly adapted to the post-crisis reality:
But capitalism has finally run out of gas. In his forthcoming book, Techno Feudalism: What Killed Capitalism, Yanis Varoufakis proposes that capitalism has diedâââbut it wasnât replaced by socialism. Rather, capitalism has given way to feudalism:
Under capitalism, capital is the prime mover. The people who own and mobilize capitalâââthe capitalistsâââorganize the economy and take the lionâs share of its returns. But it wasnât always this way: for hundreds of years, European civilization was dominated by rents, not markets.
A ârentâ is income that you get from owning something that other people need to produce value. Think of renting out a house you own: not only do you get paid when someone pays you to live there, you also get the benefit of rising property values, which are the result of the work that all the other homeowners, business owners, and residents do to make the neighborhood more valuable.
The first capitalists hated rent. They wanted to replace the âpassive incomeâ that landowners got from taxing their serfsâ harvest with active income from enclosing those lands and grazing sheep in order to get wool to feed to the new textile mills. They wanted active incomeâââand lots of it.
Capitalist philosophers railed against rent. The âfree marketâ of Adam Smith wasnât a market that was free from regulationâââit was a market free from rents. The reason Smith railed against monopolists is because he (correctly) understood that once a monopoly emerged, it would become a chokepoint through which a rentier could cream off the profits he considered the capitalistâs due:
Today, we live in a rentierâs paradise. People donât aspire to create valueâââthey aspire to capture it. In Survival of the Richest, Doug Rushkoff calls this âgoing metaâ: donât provide a service, just figure out a way to interpose yourself between the provider and the customer:
Donât drive a cab, create Uber and extract value from every driver and rider. Better still: donât found Uber, invest in Uber options and extract value from the people who invest in Uber. Even better, invest in derivatives of Uber options and extract value from people extracting value from people investing in Uber, who extract value from drivers and riders. Go meta.
This is your brain on the four-hour-work-week, passive income mind-virus. In Techno Feudalism, Varoufakis deftly describes how the new âCloud Capitalâ has created a new generation of rentiers, and how they have become the richest, most powerful people in human history.
Shopping at Amazon is like visiting a bustling city center full of storesâââbut each of those storesâ owners has to pay the majority of every sale to a feudal landlord, Emperor Jeff Bezos, who also decides which goods they can sell and where they must appear on the shelves. Amazon is full of capitalists, but it is not a capitalist enterprise. Itâs a feudal one:
This is the reason that automakers are willing to enshittify their products so comprehensively: they were one of the first industries to decouple rents from profits. Recall that the reason that Big Car needed billions in bailouts in 2008 is that theyâd reinvented themselves as loan-sharks who incidentally made cars, lending money to car-buyers and then âsecuritizingâ the loans so they could be traded in the capital markets.
Even though this strategy brought the car companies to the brink of ruin, it paid off in the long run. The car makers got billions in public money, paid their execs massive bonuses, gave billions to shareholders in buybacks and dividends, smashed their unions, fucked their pensioned workers, and shipped jobs anywhere they could pollute and murder their workforce with impunity.
Car companies are on the forefront of postcapitalism, and they understand that digital is the key to rent-extraction. Remember when BMW announced that it was going to rent you the seatwarmer in your own fucking car?
Not to be outdone, Mercedes announced that they were going to rent you your carâs accelerator pedal, charging an extra $1200/year to unlock a fully functional acceleration curve:
This is the urinary tract infection business model: without digitization, all your carâs value flowed in a healthy stream. But once the car-makers add semiconductors, each one of those features comes out in a painful, burning dribble, with every button on that fakakta touchscreen wired directly into your credit-card.
But itâs just for starters. Computers are malleable. The only computer we know how to make is the Turing Complete Von Neumann Machine, which can run every program we know how to write. Once they add networked computers to your car, the Car Lords can endlessly twiddle the knobs on the back end, finding new ways to extract value from you:
https://doctorow.medium.com/twiddler-1b5c9690cce6
That means that your car can track your every movement, and sell your location data to anyone and everyone, from marketers to bounty-hunters looking to collect fees for tracking down people who travel out of state for abortions to cops to foreign spies:
Digitization supercharges financialization. It lets car-makers offer subprime auto-loans to desperate, poor people and then killswitch their cars if they miss a payment:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4U2eDJnwz_s
Subprime lending for cars would be a terrible business without computers, but digitization makes it a great source of feudal rents. Car dealers can originate loans to people with teaser rates that quickly blow up into payments the dealer knows their customer canât afford. Then they repo the car and sell it to another desperate person, and another, and another:
Digitization also opens up more exotic options. Some subprime cars have secondary control systems wired into their entertainment system: miss a payment and your car radio flips to full volume and bellows an unstoppable, unmutable stream of threats. Tesla does one better: your car will lock and immobilize itself, then blare its horn and back out of its parking spot when the repo man arrives:
Digital feudalism hasnât stopped innovatingâââitâs just stopped innovating good things. The digital device is an endless source of sadistic novelties, like the cellphones that disable your most-used app the first day youâre late on a payment, then work their way down the other apps you rely on for every day youâre late:
Usurers have always relied on this kind of imaginative intimidation. The loan-sharkâs arm-breaker knows youâre never going to get off the hook; his goal is in intimidating you into paying his boss first, liquidating your house and your kidâs college fund and your wedding ring before you default and he throws you off a building.
Thanks to the malleability of computerized systems, digital arm-breakers have an endless array of options they can deploy to motivate you into paying them first, no matter what it costs you:
Car-makers are trailblazers in imaginative rent-extraction. Take VIN-locking: this is the practice of adding cheap microchips to engine components that communicate with the carâs overall network. After a new part is installed in your car, your carâs computer does a complex cryptographic handshake with the part that requires an unlock code provided by an authorized technician. If the code isnât entered, the car refuses to use that part.
VIN-locking has exploded in popularity. Itâs in your iPhone, preventing you from using refurb or third-party replacement parts:
Itâs in fuckinâ ventilators, which was a nightmare during lockdown as hospital techs nursed their precious ventilators along by swapping parts from dead systems into serviceable ones:
And of course, itâs in tractors, along with other forms of remote killswitch. Remember that feelgood story about John Deere bricking the looted Ukrainian tractors whose snitch-chips showed theyâd been relocated to Russia?
That wasnât a happy storyâââit was a cautionary tale. After all, John Deere now controls the majority of the worldâs agricultural future, and theyâve boobytrapped those ubiquitous tractors with killswitches that can be activated by anyone who hacks, takes over, or suborns Deere or its dealerships.
Control over repair isnât limited to gouging customers on parts and service. When a company gets to decide whether your device can be fixed, it can fuck you over in all kinds of ways. Back in 2019, Tim Apple told his shareholders to expect lower revenues because people were opting to fix their phones rather than replace them:
By usurping your right to decide who fixes your phone, Apple gets to decide whether you can fix it, or whether you must replace it. Problem solvedâââand not just for Apple, but for car makers, tractor makers, ventilator makers and more. Apple leads on this, even ahead of Big Car, pioneering a ârecyclingâ program that sees trade-in phones shredded so they canât possibly be diverted from an e-waste dump and mined for parts:
John Deere isnât sleeping on this. Theyâve come up with a valuable treasure they extract when they win the Right-to-Repair: Deere singles out farmers who complain about its policies and refuses to repair their tractors, stranding them with six-figure, two-ton paperweight:
The repair wars are just a skirmish in a vast, invisible fight thatâs been waged for decades: the War On General-Purpose Computing, where tech companies use the law to make it illegal for you to reconfigure your devices so they serve you, rather than their shareholders:
The force behind this army is vast and grows larger every day. General purpose computers are antithetical to technofeudalismâââall the rents extracted by technofeudalists would go away if others (tinkereres, co-ops, even capitalists!) were allowed to reconfigure our devices so they serve us.
Youâve probably noticed the skirmishes with inkjet printer makers, who can only force you to buy their ink at 20,000% markups if they can stop you from deciding how your printer is configured:
https://pluralistic.net/2022/08/07/inky-wretches/#epson-salty
But weâre also fighting against insulin pump makers, who want to turn people with diabetes into walking inkjet printers:
These companies start with people who have the least agency and social power and wreck their lives, then work their way up the privilege gradient, coming for everyone else. Itâs called the âshitty technology adoption curveâ:
Technofeudalism is the public-private-partnership from hell, emerging from a combination of state and private action. On the one hand, bailing out bankers and big business (rather than workers) after the 2008 crash and the covid lockdown decoupled income from profits. Companies spent billions more than they earned were still wildly profitable, thanks to those public funds.
But thereâs also a policy dimension here. Some of those rentiersâ billions were mobilized to both deconstruct antitrust law (allowing bigger and bigger companies and cartels) and to expand âIPâ law, turning âIPâ into a toolsuite for controlling the conduct of a firmâs competitors, critics and customers:
https://locusmag.com/2020/09/cory-doctorow-ip/
IP is key to understanding the rise of technofeudalism. The same malleability that allows companies to âtwiddleâ the knobs on their services and keep us on the hook as they reel us in would hypothetically allow us to countertwiddle, seizing the means of computation:
The thing that stands between you and an alternative app store, an interoperable social media network that you can escape to while continuing to message the friends you left behind, or a car that anyone can fix or unlock features for is IP, not technology. Under capitalism, that technology would already exist, because capitalists have no loyalty to one another and view each otherâs margins as their own opportunities.
But under technofeudalism, control comes from rents (owning things), not profits (selling things). The capitalist who wants to participate in your iPhoneâs âecosystemâ has to make apps and submit them to Apple, along with 30% of their lifetime revenuesâââthey donât get to sell you jailbreaking kit that lets you choose their app store.
Rent-seeking technology has a holy grail: control over âring zeroââââthe ability to compel you to configure your computer to a feudalistâs specifications, and to verify that you havenât altered your computer after it came into your possession:
For more than two decades, various would-be feudal lords and their court sorcerers have been pitching ways of doing this, of varying degrees of outlandishness.
At core, hereâs what they envision: inside your computer, they will nest another computer, one that is designed to run a very simple set of programs, none of which can be altered once it leaves the factory. This computerâââeither a whole separate chip called a âTrusted Platform Moduleâ or a region of your main processor called a secure enclaveâââcan tally observations about your computer: which operating system, modules and programs itâs running.
Then it can cryptographically âsignâ these observations, proving that they were made by a secure chip and not by something you could have modified. Then you can send this signed âattestationâ to someone else, who can use it to determine how your computer is configured and thus whether to trust it. This is called âremote attestation.â
There are some cool things you can do with remote attestation: for example, two strangers playing a networked video game together can use attestations to make sure neither is running any cheat modules. Or you could require your cloud computing provider to use attestations that they arenât stealing your data from the server youâre renting. Or if you suspect that your computer has been infected with malware, you can connect to someone else and send them an attestation that they can use to figure out whether you should trust it.
Today, thereâs a cool remote attestation technology called âPrivacyPassâ that replaces CAPTCHAs by having you prove to your own device that you are a human. When a server wants to make sure youâre a person, it sends a random number to your device, which signs that number along with its promise that it is acting on behalf of a human being, and sends it back. CAPTCHAs are all kinds of badâââbad for accessibility and privacyâââand this is really great.
But the billions that have been thrown at remote attestation over the decades is only incidentally about solving CAPTCHAs or verifying your cloud server. The holy grail here is being able to make sure that youâre not running an ad-blocker. Itâs being able to remotely verify that you havenât disabled the bossware your employer requires. Itâs the power to block someone from opening an Office365 doc with LibreOffice. Itâs your bossâs ability to ensure that you havenât modified your messaging client to disable disappearing messages before he sends you an auto-destructing memo ordering you to break the law.
And thereâs a new remote attestation technology making the rounds: Googleâs Web Environment Integrity, which will leverage Googleâs dominance over browsers to allow websites to block users who run ad-blockers:
Thereâs plenty else WEI can do (it would make detecting ad-fraud much easier), but for every legitimate use, there are a hundred ways this could be abused. Itâs a technology purpose-built to allow rent extraction by stripping us of our right to technological self-determination.
Releasing a technology like this into a world where companies are willing to make their products less reliable, less attractive, less safe and less resilient in pursuit of rents is incredibly reckless and shortsighted. You want unauthorized bread? This is how you get Unauthorized Bread:
If you'd like an essay-formatted version of this thread to read or share, here's a link to it on pluralistic.net, my surveillance-free, ad-free, tracker-free blog:
[Image ID: The interior of a luxury car. There is a dagger protruding from the steering wheel. The entertainment console has been replaced by the text 'You wouldn't download a car,' in MPAA scare-ad font. Outside of the windscreen looms the Matrix waterfall effect. Visible in the rear- and side-view mirror is the driver: the figure from Munch's 'Scream.' The screen behind the steering-wheel has been replaced by the menacing red eye of HAL9000 from Stanley Kubrick's '2001: A Space Odyssey.']
The startup worldâs dirty not-so-secret is that most startups fail. Startups are risky ventures and their investors know it, so they cast a wide net, placing lots of bets on lots of startups and folding the ones that donât show promise, which sucks for the company employees, but also for the users who depend on the companyâs products.
You know what this is like: you sink a bunch of time into familiarizing yourself with a new product, you spend money on accessories for it, you lock your data into it, you integrate it into your life, and then, one morningâââpoof! All gone.
Now, there are ways that startups could mitigate this risk for their customers: they could publish their source code under a free/open license so that it could be maintained by third parties, they could refuse to patent their technology, or dedicate their patents to an open patent pool, etc.
All of this might tempt more people to try their product or service, because the customers for digital products are increasingly savvy, having learned hard lessons when the tools they previously depended were orphaned by startups whose investors pulled the plug.
But very few startups do this, because their investors wonât let them. That brings me to the other dirty not-so-secret of the startup world: when a startup fails, investors try to make back some of their losses by selling the companyâs assets to any buyer, no matter how sleazy.
A startupâs physical assets are typically minimal: used ergonomic chairs and laptops donât exactly hold their value, and thereâs not much of a market for t-shirts and stickers advertising dead businesses.
Wily investors are more interested in intangible assets: user data and patents, which are sold off to the highest bidder. That bidder is almost certainly a bottom-feeding scumbag, because the best way to maximize the value of user data is to abuse it, and the best way to maximize a failed business patent is to use it for patent trolling.
If you let your investors talk you into patenting your cool idea, thereâs a minuscule chance that the patent will be the core of a profitable businessâââand a much larger chance that it end up in a trollâs portfolio. Real businesses make things that people want. Patent trolls are parasites, âbusinessesâ whose only products are legal threats and lawsuits, which they use to bleed out real businesses.
The looming threat of dissolution gives rise to a third startup dirty secret: faced with a choice of growth or sustainability, companies choose growth. Thereâs no point in investing in sustainabilityâââgood information security, robust systems, good HRâââif it costs you the runway you need to achieve liftoff.
Your excellent processes wonât help you when your investors shut you down, so a âleanâ startup has only the minimum viable resiliency and robustness. If you do manage to attain liftoffâââor get sold to a Big Tech firmâââthen you can fix all that stuff.
And if the far more likely outcomeâââfailureâââcomes to pass, then all the liabilities youâve created with your indifferent security and resiliency will be someone elseâs problem. Limited liability, baby!
Combine these three dirty secrets and itâs hard to understand why anyone would use a startupâs product, knowing that it will collect as much data as it can, secure it only indifferently, and sell that data on to sleazy data-brokers. Meanwhile, the product you buy and rely upon will probably become a radioactive wasteland of closed source and patent trolling, with so much technology and policy debt that no one can afford to take responsibility for it.
Think of Cloudpets, a viral toy sensation whose manufacturer, Spiral Toys, had a successful IPOâââand then immediately started hemorrhaging money and shedding employees. Cloudpets were plush toys that you connected to your home wifi; they had built-in mics that kids could activate to record a voice-memo, which was transmitted to their parentsâ phones by means of an app, and parents could send messages back via the toysâ speakers.
But Spiral Toys never bothered to secure those voice memos or the system for making new ones. The entire database of all recordings by kids and parents sat on an unencrypted, publicly accessible server for years. It was so indifferently monitored that no one noticed that hackers had downloaded the database multiple times, leaving behind threats to dump it unless they were paid ransoms.
By the time this came to light, Spiral Toysâ share price was down more than 99% and no one was answering any of its email addresses or phones. The dataâââ2.2 million intimate, personal communications between small children and their parentsâââjust hung out there, free for the taking:
Data leakage is irreversible. Those 2,200,000 voice memos are now immortal, child-ghosts that will haunt the internet foreverâââafter the parents are dead, after the kids are dead.
Data breaches are permanent. Filling a startupâs sandcastle with your important data is a high-risk bet that the company will attain liftoff before it breaches.
Itâs not just your data that goes away when a startup foldsâââitâs also the money you invest in its hardware and systems, as well as the cost of replacing devices that get bricked when a company goes bust. Thatâs bad enough when itâs a home security device:
But what about when the device is inside your body?
Earlier this year, many people with Argus optical implantsâââwhich allow blind people to seeâââlost their vision when the manufacturer, Second Sight, went bust:
https://spectrum.ieee.org/bionic-eye-obsolete
Nano Precision Medical, the companyâs new owners, arenât interested in maintaining the implants, so thatâs the end of the road for everyone with one of Argusâs âbionicâ eyes. The $150,000 per eye that those people paid is gone, and they have failing hardware permanently wired into their nervous systems.
Having a bricked eye implant doesnât just rob you of your sightâââmany Argus users experience crippling vertigo and other side effects of nonfunctional implants. The company has promised to âdo our best to provide virtual supportâ to people whose Argus implants failâââbut no more parts and no more patches.
Second Sight wasnât the first neural implant vendor to abandon its customers, nor was it the last. Last week, Liam Drew told the stories of other neural abandonware in âAbandoned: the human cost of neurotechnology failureâ in Nature:
Among that abandonware: ATIâs neural implant for reducing cluster headaches, Nuvectraâs spinal-cord stimulator for chronic pain, Freehandâs paralysis bypass for hands and arms, and others. People with these implants are left in a precarious limbo, reliant on reverse-engineering and a dwindling supply of parts for maintenance.
Drew asked his expert subjects what is to be done about this. The least plausible answer is to let the market work its magic: âlong-term support on the commercial side would be a competitive advantage.â In other words, wait for companies to realize that promising a durable product will attract customers, so that the other companies go out of business.
A better answer: standardization. âIf components were common across devices, one manufacturer might be able to step in and offer spares when another goes under.â 86% of surgeons who implant neurostimulators back this approach.
But the best answer comes from Hunter Peckham, co-developer of Freehand and a Case Western biomedical engineer: open hardware. âPeckham plans to make the design specifications and supporting documentation of new implantable technologies developed by his team freely available. âThen people can just cut and paste.ââ
This isnât just the best answer, itâs the only one. Thereâs no ethical case for permanently attaching computers to peopleâs nervous systems without giving them the absolute, irrevocable right to nominate who maintains those computers and how.
This is the case that Christian Dameff, Jeff Tully and I made at our Defcon panel this year: âWhy Patients Should Hack Medtech.â Patients know things about their care and their needs that no one else can ever fully appreciate; they are the best people to have the final say over med-tech decisions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_i1BF5YGS0w
This is the principle that animates Coloradoâs HB22â1031, the âConsumer Right To Repair Powered Wheelchairs Act,â landmark Right to Repair legislation that was signed into law last year:
Opponents of this proposal will say that it will discourage investment in âinnovationâ in neurological implants. They may well be right: the kinds of private investors who hedge their bets on high-risk ventures by minimizing security and resilience and exploiting patents and user-data might well be scared off of investment by a requirement to make the technology open.
It may be that showboating billionaire dilettantes will be unwilling to continue to pour money into neural implant companies if they are required to put the lives of the people who use their products ahead of their own profits.
It may be that the only humane, sustainable way to develop neural implants is to publicly fund that research and development, with the condition that the work products be standard, open, and replicable.
CC BY 3.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en
[Image ID: The staring eye of HAL9000 from 2001: A Space Odyssey. Centered in it is a medieval anatomical engraving of the human nervous system, limned in a blue halo.]
Once it had validated her, she had to tap through eight screens of things she was promising: that she wouldn't drink or drug or steal; that she didn't have any chronic or infectious diseases; that she did not support terrorism; that she understood that at this stage, she was not permitted to work for wages, but that also and paradoxically, she would be required to work in Worcester in order to pay back the people of the United States for the shelter bed she was about to be assigned.
She read the fine print. It was something she'd learned to do, early in the refugee process.
Sometimes the immigration officers quizzed you on the things you'd just clicked through and if you couldn't answer their questions correctly, they'd send you back to the back of the line, or reschedule your hearing for the next month, because you hadn't fully appreciated the gravity of the agreement you were forging with the USA.
She'd been in the country for a decade at that point, spending the first five years in a camp in Arizona where they'd watched one person after another die in the withering heat. When the State Department finally finished vetting her and let her out, a caseworker met her with a bag of clothes, a prepaid debit card, and the news that her parents had died while she was in the camp.
She absorbed the news silently and didn't allow herself to display any outward sign of her agony.
[âŚ]
"Lost at sea," the woman said and donned a compassionate mask. "The ship and all its passengers. No survivors. The Italians scoured the area for weeks and found nothing. The wreck went straight to the bottom. Bad informatics, they said."
A ship was a computer that you put desperate people inside, and when the computer went bad, the ship was a tomb you put desperate people inside.
She nodded like she understood, though the sound of her blood in her ears was so loud she couldn't hear herself think.
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The toaster wasn't the first appliance to go (that honor went to the dishwasher, which stopped being able to validate third-party dishes the week before when Disher went under), but it was the last straw. She could wash dishes in the sink but how the hell was she supposed to make toastâover a candle?
Just to be sure, she asked the fridge for headlines about Boulangism, and there it was, their cloud had burst in the night.
Have you ever read Cory Doctorowâs novella UNAUTHORIZED BREAD which is about (in part) jailbreaking Internet-connected appliances?
People like to think Asimov predicted the current technology known as "artificial intelligence". They are wrong. It was Douglas Adams when a computer spent untold resources just to return an answer which is both irrelevant and poses further questions.
42 is the ASCII code for an asterisk, which is a "wild card" character that can mean anything, hence a search for "*.doc" returning all files ending with the doc extension.
The computer in Hitchhiker's Guide was saying the answer to Life, the Universe and Everything is essentially "whatever".
Edit: Douglas Adams himself has apparently contradicted this theory (which I've believed for 30 years!), stating in an interview that he randomly picked the number.
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy defines the marketing division of the Sirius Cybernetics Corporation as "a bunch of mindless jerks who'll be the first against the wall when the revolution comes,ââŚ
I can feel the sense of smug self-satisfaction coming from my Wi-Fi connected dishwasher
âGo Stick Your Head in a Pigâ could be the slogan for all the US techbros.
