#transesterification

In this study, experimental investigations on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine was carried out using Palm oil Shea butter oil biodiesel as fuel. The two vegetable oils, Shea butter SB and Palm oil PO were blended in the proportion 25 75 , 50 50 , and 75 25 v v. The transesterification of the blended oils were carried out using ethanol, with potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The chemo physical properties of the biodiesels produced were determined experimentally and compared with that of petroleum diesel. Engine performance and emission test were conducted using the engine test bed with the instrumentation unit, emission gas analyzer, and the produced biodiesels as fuel. From the results, it was observed that, the petroleum diesel recorded the highest torque, while biodiesels recorded reduced values of torque at all the loads with the 100 SB and 75 SB 25 PO biodiesels both recorded the same values of torque at all the loads. The 100 SB biodiesel recorded the highest exhaust temperature, while the petroleum diesel recorded the lowest exhaust temperature at all the loads. Exhaust gas temperature increase as the load increases. Biodiesels showed reduced brake power as compared to petroleum diesel, but the 100 SB and 75 SB 25 PO both recorded the highest brake power among the biodiesels at all the loads. Biodiesels recorded higher values of BSFC as compared to petroleum diesel, with the 25 SB 75 PO biodiesel having the highest BSFC at all the loads. The brake thermal efficiency BTE of the petroleum diesel was highest as compared to biodiesels at all the loads. The 25 SB 75 PO and 100 PO biodiesels both recorded the least carbon monoxide CO emissions, and CO emissions decreases with increase in loads. The petroleum diesel recorded the highest CO emissions for all the three loads. The carbon dioxide CO2 emissions increases with increase in loads, with the petroleum diesel recording the least CO2 emissions at all the loads. The petroleum diesel showed increased hydrocarbon HC emissions for all the loads, while the 25 SB 75 PO and 100 PO biodiesels recorded the least HC emission. The 100 SB biodiesel recorded the highest NOx emissions, while the petroleum diesel recorded the least NOx emissions at all the loads. Thus, the 25 SB 75 PO and 75 SB 25 PO with improved engine performance and reduced emissions is suitable for use in diesel engine without engine modification. 

The raising industrialization and advancement of the world has to a vertical hoisted for the request of oil based fuel. Monetary advancement in creating nations has prompted cyclopean increment in the vitality require. To satisfy our prerequisite for utilization of vitality, we should utilize biodiesel in light of the fact that Petroleum has restricting stock in world. Jatropha is utilized for a long time as an imperative premise of fuel yet it isn't acclaimed like biodiesel from soya oil and palm oil. The yield of jatropha is considerably higher than some other biodiesel crops and it has some extraordinary property than some other crops. The Jatropha plant has natural reclamation and it has ability to develop in the got dried out condition where the other biodiesel crops discover hard to survive. So Jatropha is best option for production of biodiesel.

The aim of the project is to maximize the yield of biodiesel from Garcinia Gummi-Gutta crude oil using heterogeneous catalyst (CaO) by optimizing four process parameters. And the performance and emission characteristics test is conducted in CI engine by using biodiesel blends B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100. The maximum biodiesel yield of 92.7% is achieved by using CCD of RSM in an optimum condition at molar ratio 9:1 by using 0.8% of catalyst concentration in 45 min of reaction time at 500C temperature. Whereas predicated yield at 94.14%. The biodiesel produced from the GG at optimum conditions satisfies the relevant quality standards. The experimental evaluation of performance and emission characteristics of the biodiesel blends prepared by using GG biodiesel. The blends are prepared by preparing the blends of B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100.The performance and emission characteristics of blends are compared with the diesel. The performance parameters such as BP, BTE, and SFC are observed. There is a small reduction of BP for all the blends 6.65% reduction of BTE for B20. The fuel consumption of B20, B40, and B60 is decreased by 9.67%. The emission of CO, HC and smoke opacity is decreased whereas CO2 and NOX are slightly increased due to oxygen present in biodiesel. 

Biodiesel is an alternative to conventional petro diesel fuel. It can be produced by vegetable oils and animal fats. In addition, it can also be produced by waste cooking oils. The main limitation of biodiesel production is that it can cause food shortage and can lead to heavy use of fertilizers and water which deplete the natural resources, soil and water. Using waste cooking oil as a raw material for biodiesel would overcome these limitations and would also avoid the problem of disposal of these waste oils. In this study, transesterification process is performed on waste cooking oil (mustard oil), to produce biodiesel as a product. Following this, biodiesel is blended with normal diesel fuel to produce blends having biodiesel concentration of 6%, 12% and 18%, hereby referred as B6, B12 and B18. These blends are tested on performance and emissions parameters at different loads on a VCR diesel engine. B12 gave the best suitable outcomes on brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption and mechanical efficiency while B18 gave better volumetric efficiency. NOx, unburnt hydrocarbons, CO and CO2 emissions were the most optimal in case of B12. 

The energy needs of the world have been increasing since the inception of the Industrial revolution. The major sources of energy throughout the world have been fossil fuels, namely coal, petroleum fuels and natural gas. These resources are limited and are depleting fast. The replenishment of these is not possible keeping in mind our enormous requirements of energy, as these are non-renewable. Hence, there is a need of energy sources which are renewable, economic and do not pose a major threat to the environment. Biodiesel fuels have emerged as an option that is renewable and economic. These fuels are used as blends with diesel and can be used to power CI engines. There is a large quantity of used cooking oil that is produced from household, restaurants, etc which is disposed off with no option of reuse. This type of waste oil is available in large quantities and at an economic rate. Thus, if used to create biodiesel, these types of oils can solve two problems '“ it will give us an economic option of alternative energy resource that is easily available, and will help control environmental pollution that is caused by disposal of these waste oils on land and water resulting in destruction of flora and fauna. In this present review work, we have studied various works done in the field of biodiesel production from various sources and method by researchers around the world. This review work focuses primarily on two aspects: study of biodiesel production by various processes with special focus on trans-esterification process and study of performance/emission characteristics of VCR engines using different blends of biodiesel with normal diesel. 

On the face of the upcoming energy crisis, vegetable oils have come up as a promising source of fuel. They are being studied widely because of their abundant availability, renewable nature and better performance when used in engines. Many vegetable oils have been investigated in compression ignition engine by fuel modification or engine modification. The vegetable oils have very high density and viscosity, so we have used the methyl ester of the oil to overcome these problems. Their use in form of methyl esters in non-modified engines has given encouraging results.Coconut oil (copra), Waste vegetable oil, Karanja oil (Pongamia Pinnata) is available abundantly in India. An experimental investigation was made to evaluate the performance characteristics and overall emissions of a diesel engine using different blends of these three methyl esters with mineral diesel. Methyl esters of these three oils were blended with diesel in proportions of 20% and 40% by mass and studied under various load conditions in a compression ignition (diesel) engine. The performance parameters were found to be very close to that of mineral diesel. The brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were better than mineral diesel for some specific blending ratios under certain loads. The emission characteristics were also studied and levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons were found to be higher than pure diesel.