#tilepatterns

In honor of National Tile Day, we want to show you forbidden symmetries in tile patterns.

Here are photograph of tile panels from Ulugh Beg Madrasa in Uzbekistan. Peter Lu has been researching on medieval Islamic architecture for more than a decade. He comes from a scientific background as a physicist who became interested in forbidden symmetries in Islamic architecture, i.e., five-fold and ten-fold symmetries.

What does that mean? Lu explains as follows; “If I want to tile a floor with just one shape, I can ask: what are the symmetries that are possible? In the case of an ordinary bathroom floor, I might tile it with squares. Just like a checkerboard, I can cover the entire floor, at any size, with one square tile, and leave no gaps. Now, I can ask: what symmetry would such a pattern have? I can rotate the entire pattern 90-degrees, and get the same thing, since that is the symmetry of the square. Because I can do so four times before getting back to the original position, we call that “four-fold symmetry”. Now, I can also tile the floor with rectangles, which would give a two-fold symmetry; triangles, giving 3-fold; and hexagons, which gives a six-fold symmetry, as you know from looking at a honeycomb. But you can’t use a single pentagon to tile a floor, so the five-fold symmetry is forbidden for repeating a single unit, something that was understood by Johannes Kepler in the 1600s. It turns out that you can use two special shapes to tile a floor with five-fold symmetry, which was first worked out by a mathematician and physicist named Roger Penrose, but not until the 1970s.”

Now you know what forbidden symmetries are!

Tile panels and frames, side wall at entrance, Ulugh Beg Madrasa HOLLIS number: olvwork740233

Detail of interior tile panel, Ulugh Beg Madrasa HOLLIS number: olvwork740236 Both works by Peter Lu Repository: Harvard Fine Arts Library, Digital Images & Slides Collection

Discovered by the fusion of fire and clay, two ordinary elements of nature, benefits of fired ceramics were discovered some 10,000 years ago in the Middle East. The story of its evolution goes hand in hand with subsequent architectural developments through the ages, from the beautifully tiled surfaces in the ancient pyramids, to the magnificent courts of Babylonian cities, the use of ceramic tiles was inspired by the desire to create the most beautiful, durable spaces.

Decorative tilework has its origins in the Middle East and Persia, where it maintained wider popularity and assumed greater variety in design than anywhere else in the world. With distinctly varied styles, Persian and Moroccan tile industries flourished and attained perfection during the Islamic period. Due to its emphasis on non-representational design, Islamic designers and artisans found tile work a suitable medium to decorate their buildings with, so much so, that rich surface decorations became a hallmark of Islamic architecture and design.