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MiamiCNN — 

Former President Donald Trump pleaded not guilty to 37 charges Tuesday in a brief but historic court appearance following his arrest and processing on federal charges.

Trump is the first former president to face federal charges following last week’s indictment by special counsel Jack Smith. Trump made clear once again Tuesday that he has no plans to stop attacking the special counsel’s indictment – and the other legal peril he faces – as he runs for president again in 2024.

Here are the takeaways from Tuesday’s arraignment:

A historic moment

While Tuesday’s court appearance was the second time in a little over two months that Trump had pleaded not guilty to criminal charges in a courtroom – he also pleaded not guilty in April to charges brought by the Manhattan district attorney – the federal charges are a more serious legal threat to the former president.

Smith was appointed special counsel roughly seven months ago, and he delivered an indictment against the former president that even some of Trump’s Republican allies have said is damning, accusing Trump of keeping classified military documents, showing them off to others and obstructing the investigation into tracking them down.

Fact check: Debunking Trump’s blizzard of dishonesty about his federal indictment

Inside the biggest drama at Tuesday's Trump arraignment

Regardless of what happens next with the case against Trump, the federal charges are a historic moment – one that is sure to have a significant impact on the outcome of the 2024 GOP primary.

And in addition to the New York charges, Trump is still facing the special counsel’s investigation into efforts to overturn the 2020 election and the Fulton County district attorney’s probe into attempts to overturn the election in Georgia.

'Dejected': Grisham describes Trump's demeanor as he headed to court

00:38 - Source: CNN

Judge’s concerns about Trump’s witness contact led to the biggest drama

While most of Tuesday’s hearing followed an expected script, the proceedings were dragged out by a disagreement over whether Trump should be restricted from talking to certain witnesses in the case.

That prohibition was not initially recommended in the bond proposal that prosecutors had put forward. But Magistrate Judge Jonathan Goodman raised the concern himself about Trump’s contact with witnesses.

Goodman, noting that this was a typical restriction in cases filed in the Southern District of Florida, where the indictment against Trump was brought, suggested that prosecutors put together a list of witnesses and victims in the case, and that Trump avoid communicating with them as the case moved forward.