#swift guidelines

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A few people in my team were quick to sing the praises of Swift API Design Guidelines, a talk from WWDC 2016. As someone who enjoys adhering to coding conventions, and has an interest in being as correct as possible, this was definitely up my street.

Migrating from Swift 2.x to Swift 3 involves changing a lot of lines of code, which this guy may have rightly assumed, might be cause for a minor panic.

Even if the prospect is daunting, as Swift is a relatively young language, it’s good to have all of these big changes happen as early as possible. Change isn’t always bad, and a lot of the guidelines for Swift API design are written specifically to make it easier for us humans to read and interact with Swift 3. Sounds good to me!

APIs are not just for servers!

“API” is an acronym commonly used to refer to a set of endpoints on a server somewhere, providing an interface between a server and one or more client applications. If you work for a tech company with a server and client(s), you’ve probably got something that you refer to as “the API”. This is fine, however…

APIs are all over all of your code. API stands for Application Programming Interface, which essentially means that the term “API” applies to any method name.

class Stereo { var currentTrack: Song // This is an API var isPaused: Bool // This is an API // These are all APIs func play(song: Song) func play(album: Album) func play(playlist: [Song]) func press(_ button: StereoButton) } let stereo = Stereo() let myFavouriteSong = Song("Music/TaylorSwift/IWishYouWould.mp3") // Use some APIs! stereo.play(song: myFavouriteSong) // Interface with the stereo to play my favourite song stereo.press(.Pause) // Interface with the stereo to pause playback

Being Swifty

There are a lot of important guidelines, so if you’re writing Swift you should read all the guidelines!) Here’s what made the biggest impact for me:

Make your APIs read like sentences for the user

To make a really slick API, it has to be easy to use. You might well be the user of an API you create, or you might be creating an API that will be used by other people in your team, around your business or anywhere in the world. Think of the user when you’re writing an API.

Think about how you would ask someone to pause a stereo.

Decisions like this may not be obvious when you’re writing your method signature…

// Which one would you write? func pressButton(button: StereoButton) func pressButton(_ button: StereoButton) func press(_ button: StereoButton)

But when you put it in the context of someone using the method, the decision is easy.

// Would you say "press button button pause"? 😒 stereo.pressButton(button: .Pause) // Would you say "press button pause"? 😕 stereo.pressButton(.Pause) // Or would you say "press pause"? 😉 stereo.press(.Pause)

To be Swifty, we choose the option that reads like a sentence to the user; press(.Pause).

This also leads to adherence to these guidelines:

Omit needless words

Name functions and methods according to their side-effects (Those with side-effects should read as imperative verb phrases, e.g., print(x), x.sort(), x.append(y).)

…if the first argument forms part of a grammatical phrase, omit its label

-Swift API Design Guidelines

Simple improvements

While there are a fair few guidelines to get your head around, there are a few I’ve picked out as really easy to do:

Do your documentation

Write a documentation comment for every declaration. Insights gained by writing documentation can have a profound impact on your design, so don’t put it off.

If you are having trouble describing your API’s functionality in simple terms, you may have designed the wrong API.

-Swift API Design Guidelines

Documentation gives you another opportunity to think about how the user of your API will see it and understand it. Context can be incredibly valuable to code, and documentation comments are a great place to make that information accessible to someone using your API.

Use Swift’s dialect of Markdown to get nice formatting in a really simple way.

Avoid abbreviations

The intended meaning for any abbreviation you use should be easily found by a web search.

-Swift API Design Guidelines

Users aren’t always familiar with the same abbreviations you are. Sometimes, they’ll have a different meaning to you for the same abbreviation. For example, what does “CDS” mean to you? Try not to have ambiguous APIs by not using abbreviations.

Use the right casing

This one needs no extra explanation.

Follow case conventions. Names of types and protocols are UpperCamelCase. Everything else is lowerCamelCase.

-Swift API Design Guidelines

Recommended Reading

The complete list of Swift API Design Guidelines is available here. (Are you noticing a recurring theme?) If you’re going to work with Swift a lot, and especially if you’re not the only person contributing to a Swift project, it’s very helpful to adhere to these guidelines which have been shaped by the Swift community.

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