#stonewalljackson

Civil War Generals in the Mexican-American War: Friends Who Became Enemies

In 1846, graduates of West Point Military Academy were deployed to fight in the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). Less than 20 years later, many now wearing different uniforms, they would meet again as adversaries in the American Civil War (1861-1865), leading some later historians to refer to the earlier conflict as a 'training ground' for the latter.

To characterize the Mexican-American War as only a training ground for the officers who would later serve on both sides in the Civil War is a simplification and a disservice to all who fought between 1846 and 1848, but, at the same time, there is truth to the label. The Mexican-American War provided the theater in which many of the most famous Civil War generals learned the art of warfare firsthand, and they made use of those lessons later to great effect. American Battlefield Trust sums the situation up concisely:

It was during the Mexican-American War that these men developed the strategy and tactics that would dominate the Civil War. Some of these strategies and tactics include:

Acknowledging the importance of speed

The use of massive artillery bombardments to weaken an enemy's defenses, which was followed by a large-scale infantry assault

The importance of reconnaissance and reconnoitering

Additionally, many of these prominent generals became acquainted with one another through their service in the war. The information learned about one another, including temperament, battle style, and character, played vital roles on future battlefields.

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These young officers also all learned from the same two mentors: General Zachary Taylor (1784-1850) and General Winfield Scott (1786-1866), the supreme commanders of the US troops in the Mexican-American War. Scott would exert significant influence over the young Robert E. Lee, while Ulysses S. Grant would learn more from Taylor, even emulating his casual style of dress, but many of the later Civil War officers learned valuable lessons from one or both of these men.

A complete list of all the Civil War luminaries who first saw action in the Mexican-American War is beyond the scope of this article, but it includes Jefferson Davis, future President of the Confederacy; Joseph Hooker, the Union general who lost the Battle of Chancellorsville; George Pickett, the Confederate general famous for his doomed charge at the Battle of Gettysburg. There was also Albert S. Johnston, Ambrose Burnside, John Bell Hood, A. P Hill, Gideon J. Pillow, Winfield Scott Hancock, and Lewis Armistead – among many others – fighting on the same side before they came to fight each other. Hancock and Armistead were best friends before they came to face each other as enemies, Hancock fighting for the Union and Armistead for the Confederacy.

The following ten are the best-known or, in the case of George H. Thomas, the most overlooked:

Union:

George B. McClellan

George Meade

Ulysses S. Grant

William Tecumseh Sherman

George H. Thomas

Confederate:

Robert E. Lee

Stonewall Jackson

James Longstreet

P. G. T. Beauregard

Braxton Bragg

All would serve in the Civil War with distinction, some more effectively than others, and all would draw, to greater or lesser degrees, on what they had learned early on in the Mexico Campaign.

George McClellan (1814-1879)

McClellan arrived at his post in October 1846, months after the war had started, and was soon after struck with dysentery and malaria. Upon recovering, he served under General Winfield Scott, leading reconnaissance missions, but he rose through the ranks through his skill as an engineer. After the Battle of Chapultepec, he was promoted to captain and, as an artillery officer, was frequently cited for valor. He later served as Commanding General of the United States Army from 1861 to 1862. His attention to detail, noted in citations during the Mexican-American War, made him overly cautious as a Civil War general, and he repeatedly delayed actions until he had everything just right; so much so that President Abraham Lincoln finally replaced him with Ambrose Burnside, who was far worse.

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Photographer: Taylor Williamson

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Stonewall Jackson: General Lee's Lieutenant

Thomas J. Jackson (1824-1863), better known as Stonewall Jackson, was one of the most famous Confederate generals of the American Civil War (1861-1865). A veteran of the Mexican-American War and a former VMI instructor, he joined the Confederate army in 1861 and rose to prominence in his Shenandoah Valley Campaign (March to June 1862). He became the right-hand man of General Robert E. Lee (1807-1870) and led the Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, which included his celebrated 'Stonewall Brigade'. On 2 May 1863, Jackson was wounded by friendly fire during the Battle of Chancellorsville and died of pneumonia eight days later. His loss was greatly lamented across the South.

Early Life

Thomas Jonathan Jackson was born on 21 January 1824 in Clarksburg, Virginia (now West Virginia). He was the third child born to Jonathan Jackson, a lawyer of Scotch-Irish descent, and his wife, Julia Beckwith Neale Jackson. His early years were marred by tragedy. On 6 March 1826, when he was only two years old, he was at the bedside of his older sister Elizabeth as she died of typhoid fever. His father, having nursed Elizabeth in her dying days, caught the same fever and died a few weeks later. Julia Jackson gave birth to another daughter, Laura Ann, the day after her husband's death; widowed at only 28 and with three young children to feed, she was forced to sell the family's possessions to get enough money to scrape by. She remarried in 1830, but her health was fragile, and she died the following year, leaving her children orphaned. Jackson and his little sister, Laura, were sent to live with their uncle, Cummins E. Jackson. Their older brother, Warren, went to live with other relatives and died of tuberculosis at age 20.

Growing up, Jackson often helped Cummins around the farm, tending sheep and harvesting crops. With little time for formal education, he had to educate himself and could often be found with his nose buried in a book. During these years, he formed a close bond with his sister Laura, and their devotion to one another would last until their estrangement during the Civil War – a staunch Unionist, Laura would become disgusted by Jackson's leadership role in the Confederate army. In 1842, Jackson was accepted as a cadet at the US Military Academy at West Point, New York. Due to his lack of schooling, he soon fell behind the other students and had to work extra hard to catch up. He graduated in June 1846, ranking 17th in a class of 59 students. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant and assigned to Company K of the 1st US Artillery Regiment.

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A. P. Hill: The Confederate General Who Saved Lee at Antietam

Ambrose Powell Hill (1825-1865) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War (1861-1865), who commanded the Third Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia. Often referred to as 'A. P. Hill' to distinguish him from fellow Confederate general Daniel Harvey Hill (D. H. Hill), he was one of Robert E. Lee's most valued officers, playing a vital role in the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Gettysburg. He was killed at the Third Battle of Petersburg on 2 April 1865, only a week before Lee's surrender at Appomattox.

Early Life

A. P. Hill was born on 9 November 1825 on his father's plantation near Culpeper, Virginia. He was the last of seven children born to Thomas Hill, a prominent local politician and merchant, and his wife, Fannie Russell Baptist Hill. Growing up, Hill was said to have been "self-reliant, forceful, and bright" (quoted in Hassler, 8). He spent his summers riding, hunting, and fishing with his father, and in the evenings would come home to read a book by candlelight with his mother. As a boy, Hill was very close to his mother, who affectionately called him Powell. He inherited not only her thin, delicate physique and proud Virginian temperament but also her love of reading, with a particular fondness for the Bible, poetry, and the works of William Shakespeare. By his teenage years, however, Hill had exchanged his love poems for works of military history, coming to idolize the great generals of the past, like Napoleon Bonaparte. He decided to embark on a military career, and, with the help of his father's political connections, was admitted to the US Military Academy at West Point, New York, in the summer of 1842.

The West Point class of 1846 was a veritable "who's who" of future Civil War generals. Hill's roommate was George B. McClellan (1826-1885), the son of a Philadelphia physician who was a year younger than Hill and had to obtain special permission from the secretary of war to enter the academy at such a young age. He and Hill quickly became close friends. Other classmates included George Pickett, Cadmus Wilcox, and, most significantly, a strange and serious young cadet named Thomas J. Jackson (1824-1863). Hill, a flamboyant and easy-going student, took an immediate dislike to the dour, devoutly religious Jackson. Although he maintained decent grades, Hill enjoyed the good things in life and was known to party, perhaps a little too hard – in 1844, he contracted a bad case of gonorrhea, forcing him to take a furlough from school. He missed so many classes that he had to repeat his third year at the academy, graduating a year behind schedule in 1847. He ranked 15th out of a class of 38 and was assigned to the 1st US Artillery Regiment as a brevet second lieutenant.

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