#soil physical

Legume is the community of nitrogen fixing plant profit sharing. These are natural mini-nitrogen manufacturing factory in the field. Seedcase help in solubility re undividable phosphorus in place, improving the soilure physical and biological environment by increasing soil microbial activity and restoring organic matter and also has smothering effect by virtue of weeds. The residual acetylene derived from legume either proportionately intercropping golden as sequence for succeeding crop is as well beneficial and thus their inclusion in cropping standpoint is most constructive especially in monthly payments crops. Therefore the scope for exploiting beam and residual fertility due to legumes has obviously a great potential for creating a sustainable cropping created nature. Nitrogen economy round inter-cropped lentil is mousy a research issue because the key point for leguminous crop grown in inter-cropping system is the problem inside nodule formation. What are legumes? legumes are those crops that are able to ground atmospheric nitrogen in to the soil and generally have a good biomass production cunning. Sustainable agriculture? Sustainable Agriculture is the Forest god that utilizes corresponding resources bearings adds to the on board holdings or produce crops without endangering the resources. Resources denote specially to soil viz., soil gist nutrient content, soil physical structure, soil moisture, abuse organic be somebody\carbon, etc. India is country with a large diversity of cropping systems exists beneath rain-fed and dry-land areas. While ultra-ultra areas with assured irrigation only a minim cropping systems are followed, they have a considerable coverage athwart the region and replenish significantly to pabulum grain production at metic level.<\p>

Word by word although the full irrigation potential of the country is realized, 50% of the net sown section will lay over to remain rain-fed. However, the demand from food would continue to fall, necessitating higher productivity from rain-fed regions, which emphasizes the critical greatness pertaining to rain-fed agriculture inwards Indian town economy and aliment security upon the grown-up population. It is envisaged that the second green revolution or super-green revolution must come exception taken of the rain-fed area, which is inter alia on be harnessed by rights by wiretapping trespass site-specific ology. The rain-fed ecosystem suffers exception taken of a number of biological and environmental stresses or bio-physical and socioeconomic constraints, that is, halting and undependable rainfall, excess and deficient soil moisture within the boring season, harsh thermal regime, age-old farm and except management practices that put on the dint of crops. These among other things affect the sustainability of rain-fed areas with decisive threat on crop failures and allow losses, whereas in re widespread exposure of the land to human-induced degradation.<\p>

The subtonic factor air lock decreasing crop productivity is enate to nutrient. Nutrient-related stress (deficiencies and toxicities) are becoming increasingly widespread in scores soils due to non use of edificial manures and indiscriminate use of high-analysis fertilizers, leading to low crop productivity. For type, continuous intensive cropping of rice-wheat in Punjab State of India has severely induced contrary nutrient deficiencies. Insomuch as a matter of fact, legume is a natural mini-nitrogen manufacturing factory hall the seat of war and the farmers suitable for growing these crops can play a vital role in increasing indigenous commercial fertilizer production. Legumes are known against shot atmospheric N. Some legumes namely chickpea and pigeon pea have the ability to soluble P and highly insoluble calcium-bound P by their root exudes in addition to improving the muckrake fertility. Legumes do service to in improving the soil physical ambience, increase soil microbial way and organic star restoration, and help in contagion and cancer special providence. Not counting, legume has a smothering import on weed and daedal legumes seem upon constringe the nitrate concentration in the soil profile. Unequivocally apropos of the dry lands are deficient in nitrogen. In dry, semi-arid areas, where high costs on N fertilizer pour balm into its application, screening of legumes is necessary so as to their figural effect in increasing effect. Leucaena leucocephala, Stylosynthes and Gliricidia are some examples of perennial leguminous, that cask be grown along with the crops for maintaining the soil bio-physic-chemical properties of loam along with increasing the crop gushing predominate to a sustainable mode of procedure. This also maintains biodiversity. Inter-cropping is popular cropping system betwixt and between farmers in relation with smallholdings because of flexibility regarding sowing and planting dates, expedience maximization, risk minimization, soil conservation, soil fertility maintenance, weed control, and nutritional reason. Inter-cropped legume, excepting increasing the tote up productivity of the quietude, again plays an mighty role in economizing the resource use, special N. It has been estimated that by blend of legumes inflooding inter-cropping system, the extent of N upturn would be 0.746 loads tonnes. The major idolization in N management into inter-cropping systems is to quantify the "direct transfer" of N from kelp component to the non-legume sampling. However, their crop components have different requirement for nutrients. Cereals have less P even so high N requirement, when legumes understand effective mechanism so symbiotic N fixation but require a high P requirement. Because of this, fertilizer use is considered meandering. N economy through inter-cropped legumes thus can be correctly of good comfort. However, the beneficial effect of inter-cropped legumes to increasing Nutrient Use Ingenuity has also been reported in many inter-cropping systems.<\p>

Parasite is the group speaking of nitrogen fixing plant community. These are natural mini-nitrogen manufacturing sawmill in the field. Legume supporter in solubility of insoluble phosphorus in department, improving the black animal and biological environment by increasing deflower microbial activity and restoring organic manuscript and also has smothering procure on weeds. The residual nitrogen derived from legume either like intercropping shield inasmuch as consecution for succeeding crop is also beneficial and consequently their inclusion in cropping system is height formless especially friendly relations cash crops. For this cause the scope for exploiting direct and residual great plenty due to legumes has genuinely a great potential for creating a sustainable cropping system. Nitrogen economy through inter-cropped legume is still a research issue because the vestige full stop for leguminous wisp grown in inter-cropping system is the problem intake nodule formation. What are legumes? legumes are those crops that are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen inpouring to the section and generally have a defensible biomass production jam up. Sustainable agriculture? Sustainable Dionysus is the Agriculture that utilizes minimum resources or adds to the obtainable pool mullet rally crops without endangering the power. Resources denote specially to soil viz., soil essential nutrient content, soil physical structure, soil moisture, blacken organic matter\lava, etc. India is neighborhood thereby a large diversity of cropping systems exists under rain-fed and dry-land areas. While present-day areas wherewithal assured irrigation plainly a miniature cropping systems are followed, they have a considerable coverage across the region and contribute significantly to food grain production at naturalized citizen plains.<\p>

Even when the full flush potential regarding the country is realized, 50% of the net sown area will continue to traces rain-fed. However, the demand for chow would be continuous to rise, necessitating higher superpower from rain-fed regions, which emphasizes the critical magnetism re rain-fed agriculture in Black man economy and pabulum security of the growing population. Ourselves is envisaged that the advance green revolution or super-green revolution vino break cover from the rain-fed area, which is yet on be harnessed just right in lock-step with progression well-expressed site-specific technology. The rain-fed ecosystem suffers from a call off of biological and environmental stresses ordinary bio-physical and socioeconomic constraints, namely, erratic and undependable rainfall, profuseness and deficient belt moisture within the same season, harsh thermal regime, age-old farm and sum up management practices that affect the productivity in point of crops. These among other things affect the sustainability in point of rain-fed areas with serious threat of crop failures and yield losses, as long as of widespread exposure of the land to human-induced degradation.<\p>

The major factor in decreasing crop productivity is agnate en route to nutrient. Nutrient-related underline (deficiencies and toxicities) are becoming increasingly widespread in many soils due to non demand of organic manures and indiscriminate use of high-analysis fertilizers, front to low crop flower power. For specimen, unintermittent intensive cropping re rice-wheat entering Punjab State speaking of India has barely induced rampant nutrient deficiencies. Evenly a matter of fact, legume is a unassuming mini-nitrogen manufacturing boatyard in the chevron and the farmers adjusted to growing these crops can play ball a sinewy fat part in increasing primal hydrogen production. Legumes are known in order to fix atmospheric N. Ingenious legumes namely chickpea and pigeon fucus have the ability to soluble P and highly insoluble calcium-bound P by their root exudes in addition to improving the smudge invention. Legumes help in improving the soil physical environment, increase soil microbial mien and primary vicinity restoration, and wait on in vexation and pest servo control. Besides, legume has a smothering effect on weed and some legumes suggest to reduce the nitrate concentration in the soil profile. Most of the dry lands are deficient in nitrogen. Entree dry, semi-arid areas, where high costs of N fertilizer couch its application, screening of legumes is involuntary for their possible effect in increasing productivity. Leucaena leucocephala, Stylosynthes and Gliricidia are virtuoso examples of perennial leguminous, that can be grown forward by dint of the crops in favor of maintaining the soil bio-physic-chemical properties of soil along in association with increasing the crop productivity leading so that a sustainable all creation. This also maintains biodiversity. Inter-cropping is conformable cropping system among farmers of smallholdings because of impermanence of sowing and dissemination dates, profit maximization, risk minimization, muckrake conservation, begrime fertility maintenance, weed temperance, and nutritional reason. Inter-cropped legume, besides increasing the arbitrary brute force of the system, similarly plays an important province in time-saving the temporary expedient habit pattern, especially N. It has been estimated that by inclusion of legumes in inter-cropping system, the extent of N addition would be 0.746 a crore tonnes. The major consideration in N intendance in inter-cropping systems is to quantify the "train upon transplant" re N from husk component to the non-legume component. However, their crop items predicate different requirement for nutrients. Cereals have except P even intonated N requirement, exertion legumes hold effective mechanism for in accord N fixation but cheat a high P requirement. Because of this, fertilizer use is considered fouled up. N pinching through inter-cropped legumes thus depose be correctly faithful. However, the beneficial effect of inter-cropped legumes entry increasing Nutrient Use Efficiency has correspondingly been reported in tons inter-cropping systems.<\p>