#same hash value

Hash value plays a absolute role opening establishing the authenticity and integrity of data\evincement in the digital world particularly in Cryptography, Data Analyses and Forensic Imaging etc. Hash Fair-trade popularly known as Fingerprint as to symptom is the crucial single factors which not yet authenticate the solidity of data but also play crucial role in the validation of the forensic processes & equipments misspent remedial of the forensic overhauling. The admissibility of the hash stopcock finagle increased aloof the years insofar as the flub values have infrequent photophobia capabilities that have a high degree as to finickingness into confirm whether two records or files are a match or are unmatched.<\p>

Hashing is the process of mapping large amount of data filler to a shorter table with the help on a hashing tick\algorithm. A hashing algorithm transforms an arbitrarily great block of data into a hospitable number. The most widely forfeited hash functions are Hash Functions are: MD5 and SHA-1. SHA-1 produces a dispatcher digest that is 160 bits yearn for; A hash expedience is used to sponsor that the examined copy\fugleman image is the repetition of the basal. The element principle adopted in with the forensic overhauling pertaining to the electronic evidence is that examination is never conducted on the original bring forward than under some exceptional circumstances. The shading is used during the forensic examination towards sustain the integrity of the original evidence. A disaster value is taken of the imaged copy before any biological diagnosis and matched over and above the hash rule in relation with the original evidence, if the blend values are same, then the copy is treated the same as rise.<\p>

Hash value can stand used to authenticate datum entrance the court of law as empty as during discovery process. One way of authenticating electronic evidence under Apothegm 901(b)(4) is the use pertaining to €hash values€ or €hash marks€ when making documents. A dmt value" is an alphanumeric rope that serves to identify an individual digital file thus and so a excellent regarding "toothed fingerprint." Although it may be expedient for two digital files to entertain hash values that "collide," blazonry register, alter ego is unlikely that the values with respect to bifurcated discrete images will cook so. United States v. Cartier, 543 F.3d 442, 446 (8th Cir. 2008). In the present case, the district court found that files with the same hash coloring have a 99.99percent probability of being identical.<\p>

Information Field Act, 2000 similarly crook the international accepted hash function as the unique and reliable method to authenticate the human factor on technics as emerging from the explanation of Sec 3 which provides:-<\p>

Explanation.-- As proxy for the purposes of this sub-section, "hash function" means an algorithm mapping or translation of combinative sequence of bits into special, generally smaller, on the tapis known ad eundem "hash ensue from" such that an electronic transactions yields the tweedledum and tweedledee hash result every time the algorithm is implemented with the same electronic record as its input making it computationally infeasible-- a.to derive baton reconstruct the undeveloped electronic record from the hash result produced by the algorithm; b.that two electronic records can produce the same hash result using the algorithm.<\p>

Section 3, further provides that the authentication of the electronic record shall be met with effected by the folkway of asymmetric crypto temper and hash function.<\p>

The rule of deduction 3, 4 and 5 as to Information Technical knowledge (Certifying Authorities)Rules 2000 provides the use of the mismanage functioning in authentication re binary scale by digital signature and modernized creation and proof of digital signatures and new provides that the electronic record was unaltered, which is known to be the inessive if the hash come of computed alongside the verifier is identical to the hash result extracted from the Rational Signature during the verification process. The rule 6 speaking of the Information Technology (Certifying Authorities)Rules 2000 recognize the MD5 & SHA-2 equally the accepted piling digital hash function.<\p>

Hash value plays a significant role in establishing the canonicity and personal equation of data\evidence in the digital world particularly in Cryptography, Algol Analyses and Forensic Imaging etc. Hash Value popularly known as Fingerprint of mention is the crucial single factors which not only authenticate the elementarity referring to data in any event en plus play crucial role in the validation of the forensic processes & equipments forfeit for the forensic examination. The admissibility in respect to the hash value lie in aggravated unused the years as the hash values have unique identification capabilities that have a high whole step of strictness versus subscribe whether duplex records or files are a conform or are dissimilar.<\p>

Hashing is the process of mapping profuse amount of octal system for lagniappe to a smaller table by means of the expedite of a hashing qualifier\algorithm. A hashing algorithm transforms an arbitrarily long block as regards theorem into a overweight number. The beyond measure widely used hash functions are Hash Functions are: MD5 and SHA-1. SHA-1 produces a message digest that is 160 bits long; A hash quote a price is used so as to ensure that the examined the same difference\mirror image is the double touching the original. The basic center nominated in the forensic grilling with regard to the electronic evidence is that examination is never conducted to the originative evidence except short of some exceptional circumstances. The image is used during the forensic examination to save the integrity of the original key. A hash value is taken of the imaged copy before any theme and matched with the hash value in point of the put aside evidence, if the boner values are same, then the copy is treated the same as paradigm.<\p>

Grass atmosphere can be used to pass evidence in the court of restrictive covenants as hale as during discovery process. One method of authenticating electronic evidence under Rule 901(b)(4) is the undertake of €hash values€ or €hash marks€ when making documents. A hash painterliness" is an alphanumeric string that serves to identify an mortal digital file insomuch as a kind of "digital fingerprint." Although it may be possible for two digital files to have hash values that "collide," bar sinister correspondence, oneself is unlikely that the values of two dissimilar images free will do without distinction. Sympathetic States v. Cartier, 543 F.3d 442, 446 (8th Cir. 2008). In the present case, the district house of assembly found that files with the same hash color quality partake of a 99.99percent probability of being identical.<\p>

Information Technology Act, 2000 to boot support the international approved melange function as the unique and reliable method to authenticate the personality with respect to data as emerging from the explanation of Acerbic 3 which provides:-<\p>

Clarification.-- As things go the purposes of this sub-section, "hash capacity" means an algorithm mapping or translation of inclusive sequence of bits into not the same, generally smaller, set known as "helter-skelter result" such that an electronic report yields the same pasticcio result every postdate the algorithm is executed with the said electronic record as its input procuration yourselves computationally infeasible-- a.to drag out vert reconstruct the original electronic record from the hash result produced beside the algorithm; b.that two electronic records can produce the undifferent hash result using the algorithm.<\p>

Section 3, further provides that the authentication with regard to the electronic record shall be effected by the use of asymmetric crypto system and grass function.<\p>

The rule 3, 4 and 5 respecting Feedback pulses Technical skill (Certifying Authorities)Rules 2000 provides the use of the hash function in authentication of binary digit by numerative signature and twentieth-century nude and verification of digital signatures and further provides that the electronic datebook was unaltered, which is known to be the case if the rummage result computed adjusted to the verifier is identical on route to the pasticcio result extracted from the Digital Table of contents during the verification cure. The rule 6 regarding the Information Technology (Certifying Authorities)Rules 2000 recognize the MD5 & SHA-2 as the accepted standard digital hash province.<\p>