#roof ideas

A hip roof is a roofing style that slopes on all sides and forms a ridge at the top. This roofing style is not only visually appealing but also provides several practical advantages, such as durability, better stability, and wind resistance. If you are considering designing a modern home with a hip roof, there are several tips and ideas to keep in mind.

Consider the Pitch of the Roof

The pitch of the hip roof will play a significant role in its overall appearance and functionality. A steeper pitch is ideal for areas with heavy snow or rain, while a lower pitch is better suited for milder climates. Consider the climate and weather patterns in your area and choose a pitch that will provide optimal protection while still maintaining the modern aesthetic of the home.

Add Dormers

Dormers are a great way to add more natural light and living space to a hip roof home. A dormer is a vertical window that protrudes from the slope of the roof, creating a small room or alcove within the attic. Dormers can also add visual interest to the roofline and break up the monotony of a large hip roof.

Choose the Right Materials

When designing a modern home with a hip roof, it is important to choose the right materials to ensure that the roof is both durable and visually appealing. Options include traditional materials such as shingles or tiles, as well as more modern materials such as metal or asphalt. Consider the overall style of the home and choose a roofing material that complements the design.

Add a Porch

A hip roof is an ideal roofing style for a porch, as it provides ample coverage and protection from the elements. Adding a porch to the front or back of the home can provide an additional outdoor living space that seamlessly blends into the overall design of the home.

Incorporate Skylights

Skylights are a great way to add more natural light to the interior of a home with a hip roof. Consider adding skylights to rooms with high ceilings or areas that are typically darker, such as bathrooms or hallways. Skylights can also provide a stunning focal point and add to the overall design aesthetic of the home.

Keep it Simple

When designing a modern home with a hip roof, it is important to keep the design simple and clean. Avoid overly ornate details or decorative elements that can detract from the overall aesthetic. Instead, focus on clean lines, minimalism, and modern finishes that enhance the beauty of the hip roof.

Think About Color

Choosing the right color for a hip roof can be a challenging task, as it will impact the overall look and feel of the home. Consider the existing colors of the home and choose a roofing color that complements them. For a more modern look, consider a monochromatic color scheme or a bold, contrasting color that makes a statement.

While black isn’t the most popular color for roofs, it’s making a comeback. It’s a sleek choice that stands out against neutral shingle colors and boosts curb appeal.

A dark house is also a great choice for smaller homes because it helps them appear bigger on the outside. However, you should consider if your home is in a warm climate before choosing this option.

1. It Looks Great

A black house roof is one of the best looking options available. It creates an interesting contrast for any home, and can bring out small details in windows, doors and porch railings. It also adds an extra touch of cool factor that can make your home more attractive to potential buyers, according to designer Kate Smith, a color expert at DaVinci Roofscapes.

If you’re thinking of adding a black roof to your home, it’s important to consider how the color will affect your energy bills and how well it will keep your home cool during hot weather. A dark colored roof can absorb a lot of heat, so it’s essential to have adequate insulation and airflow in your attic to keep your home from heating up too quickly during the summer months. Scott Exteriors can inspect your attic and recommend the right amount of venting to help your home stay cool. Using the right roofing material for your home and keeping it in good shape will ensure that it looks great for years to come.

2. It’s Versatile

Black house roof is a versatile color option that works well with many home designs and styles. It’s a popular choice for homeowners who want a modern and contemporary look to their homes. It also complements a variety of different architectural features, including brick and stone. In addition, it can be paired with a wide range of house paint colors for added versatility.

However, it is important to note that a black roof can make a house warmer than other houses in hot climates. This is because black absorbs more heat than other colors. Thankfully, this issue can be minimized with good insulation and air flow in the attic. If you’re wondering how a black roof affects your energy bills, it’s important to consult with your Scott Exteriors professional about how to install the right insulation and vents for your specific home. Additionally, you should be aware of the importance of maintaining proper attic ventilation during hot weather to keep your home cool and energy costs low.

3. It’s Affordable

One of the most important aspects of your home is your roof. Not only does it protect your home from rain, snow and other weather conditions, but it also gives your home a beautiful, custom look.

When you’re choosing a roof, it’s important to choose a color that matches the rest of your home’s exterior design. It’s a big investment in your home and one that you’ll be living with for many years.

Black house roofs are affordable and easy to maintain. They’re less expensive than cool roofs and they are generally more durable.

However, dark roofs can be problematic if you live in a hot climate or if your home is not well-insulated. They absorb a lot of solar heat and can cause your home to become warmer than it needs to be. This can lead to discomfort and high air conditioning bills. To prevent this, it’s recommended that your attic has good ventilation.

4. It’s Easy to Maintain

There are a lot of patio roof ideas you can use to enhance your outdoor living space. They include retractable roofs, Shade sails, screen rooms, Pergolas and Skylights. You may find a few of them a bit unorthodox, but it is worth checking out a few of them to see if they are right for your home.

Pergolas

A pergola roof is a great way to maximize the usage of your outdoor space. There are a variety of materials, including wood, fiberglass, aluminum, steel, and polymer. Choosing the best material will depend on the type of uses and weather conditions. It’s also important to consider the durability and functionality of the materials.

Wood and shingled roofs are popular choices. They offer many benefits, including longevity and resale value. In addition, they give your pergola an attractive aesthetic.

Aluminum, on the other hand, is lightweight and strong. It can be shaped to fit your needs, and is also quiet. If you want a more durable option, opt for pressure treated wood.

Corrugated plastic is a great way to keep your outdoor space dry. This type of roofing is not only lightweight, but also blocks UV rays.

Skylights

Skylights are a great way to bring the outdoors inside. They can be both practical and fun. The most interesting part is that skylights are a great way to enhance your patio and your home. Whether you’re looking to build a new deck or remodel the existing one, you should take a look at a skylight as a part of the design process. Adding a skylight to your patio is a good way to improve the light and airflow in your outdoor area and make it more comfortable for you and your family.

There are a number of types of skylights, from standard to solar powered. One of the more unique options is the VELUX Solar Powered “Fresh Air” Skylight. This innovative product uses a solar-powered operating system and allows you to control the airflow through your roof.

Retractable roofs

Retractable patio roofs, also known as pergolas, provide high levels of protection against the elements. These systems allow you to enjoy the outdoors even on cloudy days. They protect you from the sun’s heat and can make your outdoor dining area more comfortable.

Pergolas come in two styles: freestanding and wall mounted. Traditionally, pergola frames were made of wooden posts. However, today’s systems can be made of production materials like steel or aluminum.

A retractable pergola is a great way to define your outdoor dining space. It provides optimal protection for you and your guests. You can enjoy your dining outdoors year round without worrying about the weather.

A retractable fabric roof is ideal for backyards. This stylish and durable product can be retrofitted to most existing structures.

Shade sails

Shade sails are a fantastic way to create a shaded area on your patio roof. They provide protection from the sun and rain, while also giving a decorative aesthetic to your outdoor living space.

There are many options to choose from when choosing a shade sail for your patio. Triangular sails are a common choice. However, there are other designs available, including square and rectangle.

When installing a sail, make sure that you select a sturdy attachment point. If your attachment is not structurally sound, you could be facing a big liability.

Choosing a fabric with waterproofing and UV protection is a good idea. This will ensure that your sail will last for at least ten years. You can also use a 3-Dimensional software program to design a perfect fit.

Screen rooms

Screen rooms are a great way to add more living space to your home. You can build them in place of a deck or porch, or you can add them to a current structure. The cost of the materials is often less than you might think, and the end result is a great way to enjoy the outdoors.

Adding a screen room on your patio is a simple, affordable, and efficient way to enhance your outdoor living space. This enclosure can keep out bugs, keep your furniture from rotting, and give you more time to enjoy your yard. A screened in patio can also protect you from the sun, and help keep you cool in the summer.

The fascia roof of your house plays an important role in protecting your home from water damage. The roof should be able to direct runoff away from your property, while allowing your rafters to breathe and dry out. In addition, there are steps you can take to prevent ice dams from forming on your roof.

Protect your rafters from rotting

If your home has a fascia roof, it is important to protect the rafters from rot. This will keep them from being damaged by water and pests, and will also add to the overall aesthetic appeal of your home.

Rotted fascia boards are common problems for homeowners. If left unattended, they can decay and pull away from your house. This can lead to problems with your gutters, as well as the roof itself.

The best way to protect your fascia is to make sure you get it checked out by a professional. If it is in good shape, it should be easy to repair. However, if it is not, it may be time to replace the board.

Choosing the right wood is an important part of this process. You want to pick a material that will withstand tough conditions for a long time. You will also need to consider the climate where you live. If you live in an arid region, you will need to select a wood that will resist drying out and splintering.

Block water from the roof deck

If you live in an area that experiences severe weather, a roof that has fascia is an important part of your home’s protection. Not only does it keep water from entering your home, it also helps your gutters and shingles stay in place.

If your fascia is in need of repair, it is a good idea to call a professional to help you. Damage can occur from wind driven rain, high winds, and ice dams. If your fascia is rotting or has cracks, it could be a sign that you need to replace it.

In addition to protecting the rafters, fascia also keeps insects and pests out of your home. A few of the most common signs that your fascia is damaged are dark stains, splintering, or holes.

Direct runoff into the gutter

The best way to prevent water from running into the fascia is to direct runoff from the roof into the gutter. If you don’t install the gutter properly, you can risk rotting fascia and damage to building materials below the board.

If you’re going to use a gutter, be sure to install the proper flashing. For example, if you have a valley, you’ll want to extend the flashing by at least two inches.

A good gutter will flush with the fascia board, which reduces the risk of water seeping through. But you also need to make sure your drip edge is installed correctly. This is a small but important detail that will keep your home dry.

If you want to install a downspout, there are many types. You can choose from elbows, filter boxes, and a variety of other options.

Ventilation

If your fascia roof has a large air gap, it can trap heat and moisture that may lead to rot and mold. Having proper ventilation on your fascia is key to keeping the roof healthy and maintaining its beauty.

There are a few different types of vents that can be installed over the fascia board. The best ventilation systems are those that are solid aluminum. They are also more affordable than vinyl.

Over Fascia Vents (OFV) are a cost effective and easy way to ensure proper air flow in your roof. They are specially designed to be fastened over the existing fascia board.

These vents are available in a wide range of sizes. These are a convenient option for new builds or re-roofing projects. They are easily nailed or clipped on to the fascia board.

Prevent ice dams

Ice dams form when the snow melts on a roof and refreezes at the roof edge. This can lead to a large amount of damage to your home, from the insulation to the walls and ceilings to the gutters.

Despite the fact that the ice dams are a cause of damage, there are ways to prevent them. This will help you to avoid a lot of costly repairs.

The first step in preventing ice dams is to improve the ventilation in your attic. Ensure that your attic is properly insulated and air sealed.

Choosing the right roof design for your home can be a tricky business. There are several options to choose from, and it’s important to take the time to consider your needs before making a decision.

Gambrel roofs

Whether you’re building a new house or updating the old one, you may want to consider installing a Gambrel roof. This style is ideal for barns, farmhouses, and sheds, and offers a unique look. However, this style of roof is also susceptible to damage from storms and strong winds.

If you’re considering a Gambrel roof, you’ll need to do some research to ensure you’re constructing it properly. You’ll also need to know what to expect when it comes to maintenance. The roof will need to be checked and maintained on a regular basis.

Gambrel roofs are not recommended for areas that receive a lot of snow or rain. They’re not recommended for regions with high wind speeds, either. And because of their open design, they can be susceptible to collapse. You’ll need to hire a contractor to help you install your Gambrel roof.

You’ll need to use 2x4 wood boards for the Gambrel roof’s rafters. You’ll need to mark a 22.5-degree angle on the ends of the boards. This will help you to determine how many trusses you’ll need to build.

Each truss will have two roof beams on each side. They’ll be supported by a brace and a gusset plate. You’ll also need to build a deck. The deck can be made of metal, but it’s much more expensive up front.

Curved roofs

Architects and builders use curved roofs for a number of reasons. They offer a more contemporary aesthetic, are wind-resistant, and can increase the height of the ceiling. They also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and are easy to install.

There are many different types of curved roofs. They can be made with a variety of materials, including metal, tile, or shingles.

The most common type of curved roof is the convexly curved roof. It has a continuous curvature that combines convex and concave curves. This style of roof can be used to create an illusion of waves.

Another popular style is the S-shaped curve. This combination of concave and convex curves is ideal for covering roofs. In addition, this type of roof is commonly used in churches and arenas.

In order to ensure that the panels fit the radius of the curve, it is important that they be designed properly. If they are not, they could buckle or wave in the panel pan. For this reason, it is usually best to use softer materials, such as copper or aluminum.

Depending on the radius and height of the curved roof, the cost of installing the roof will vary. The materials and design will also play a part in the overall cost. For example, a tighter panel system will be more expensive than a standing seam panel.

Hip and valley roofs

Basically, hip and valley roofs are two-surface roofs with a sloping top. They are popular for their wind resistance and aesthetic appeal. In addition to their beauty, they can be very durable. These roofs can be used on many different types of structures. They are a popular choice for contemporary style homes.

This type of roof is primarily made of standard asphalt shingles. It is also possible to use metal or tiles. The advantages of this type of roof include their ability to resist wind damage and allow for better water drainage. These roofs can also be highly aesthetically pleasing, especially if they are constructed in areas with heavy rainfall or snowfall.

The design of hip and valley roofs has been around for decades. The modern version of this style is seen in the Neo-Palladian design, which includes giant windows, arched doorways, and a dark grey hipped roof.

While the design is impressive, it can be quite expensive to build. The cost of a hip and valley roof depends on the size of the structure and the inclination of the slope. Generally, the cost of this type of roof ranges from $30,00 to $80,000.

Having a roof awning over your porch or deck can give you a wide range of benefits. It can protect your furniture from sun and rain, and it can also increase the value of your home. There are several types of roof awnings, including retractable and self-retractable. You can find one that matches the style and architecture of your home.

Retractable

Using a retractable roof awning is an effective way to improve your home’s aesthetic appeal while adding comfort and protection from the elements. The best retractable roof awnings feature durable, steel cables that can withstand high winds, rain, and other elements.

Using a retractable roof awning can enhance the appearance of your home by providing shade from the sun. It can also improve your outdoor living space by extending your living area. These awnings come in a variety of styles, sizes, and materials.

Some retractable roof awnings offer the option of automated operation. The most advanced awnings feature wind sensors, sun sensors, and a remote control to help you control it.

If you’re looking for an awning that is not only stylish, but also practical, you might want to consider a fabric retractable roof system. These systems are designed to clear a large area without adding additional load.

Louvered

Whether you have a west facing patio, backyard hot tub, or pool, louvered roof awnings can add a touch of luxury and functionality to your outdoor living space. You can control the amount of light and ventilation that comes into your home with these awnings.

The louvered roof awning has a sleek aluminum frame with angled slats that can be opened and closed. This makes it an efficient system for controlling sunlight and ventilation. Some louvered roof awnings include wind and rain sensors.

Louvered roofs also offer privacy. They are great for blocking out the sun and rain. These awnings are also energy efficient. This can help to lower your air conditioning costs.

Louvered roofs are also available in motorized models. This is a relatively new concept. In residential settings, motorized louvered roof systems are becoming increasingly popular.

Self-retracting

Whether you’re building a new home or renovating an existing one, installing a self-retracting roof awning can help you enhance the aesthetics of your home and provide protection from the elements. Choosing a retractable awning is also a great way to save energy costs.

When installing a retractable awning, consider the type of wind you may encounter. Most awning manufacturers recommend retracting your awning completely when weather becomes difficult. For example, a 23-mph wind can destroy awning support arms, so it’s best to choose an awning with a wind rating of at least 20 mph. If you’re unsure what kind of wind your area is likely to encounter, contact your local awning contractor for a personalized consultation.

A self-retracting roof awning can also help you control the amount of sunlight coming into your home. You can use a solar-powered sun sensor to automatically extend your awning when the sun rises, and retract it when the sun sets. This helps improve energy efficiency, and can also be used in commercial settings to improve the ambiance.

Traditional

Located on the roof of a building, the Traditional Roof Awning provides shade and protection from the elements. It is also often used to shade the windows of a home or business. It is often mounted on retractable frames.

These canopies are made from a variety of materials, such as wood, glass, and metal. They can also be manufactured from fabric. They provide shelter from wind, rain, and heat. They can also be used as an addition to a home or business.

Traditional Roof Awnings usually include a canvas or fabric covering. They are typically used over a doorway, a walkway, or a window. They are often installed by a professional or by a homeowner with some carpentry skills. They come in different sizes and styles, so they can be tailored to suit a property’s needs and budget.

Styles to complement your home’s architecture

A waterproof pergola roof can keep the elements out of a deck or outdoor area. They can be made from polycarbonate, metal, or climbing vines. A good waterproof pergola roof idea will help you make the most of your deck or outdoor area. It will also look great! Keep reading to learn more.

Living roof

There are several different living roof ideas for your waterproof pergola, including wisteria, grape vines, and more. These roof systems provide a certain amount of waterproofing against light rain, while adding a natural, rustic look to your outdoor space. However, you must choose the right type of vine to ensure that it doesn’t collect excess moisture. Wisteria and grape vines are great choices for this purpose, because they provide shade and can also protect your pergola from rain.

Planting vines and bushes can also help cover your pergola. Luffa plants are excellent for pergolas, since they are edible and double as a sponge. Trailing nasturtiums are also an attractive option, as they have edible parts. Climbing plants like bougainvillea can also add color and texture to your pergola.

Polycarbonate

Polycarbonate waterproof pergola roof ideas can be built with two-piece aluminum T-track and two-piece H-channel. Fasten the two-piece T-track in low sections with washer-head screws. Afterward, apply a layer of weatherstripping on the top of the T-track flanges. You may want to use tin snips to trim off any excess panels.

If you want to give your pergola a more natural look, you can plant vines on the roof. These plants can provide a level of waterproofing and add beauty to the pergola. But, it’s important to choose the right vines to keep out excess moisture. Grape vines and wisteria are both suitable for this purpose.

Metal

If you want to add an elegant touch to your backyard or patio, consider a metal waterproof pergola roof. This type of roof is perfect for covering a pergola in rainy weather. In addition to being waterproof, these roofs are also lightweight and very easy to install. For this reason, they are popular choices for a covered patio.

The first step in installing a metal waterproof pergola roof is determining the size of your pergola. If it is too large, it may not stand up well in heavy rain or snow. For a smaller pergola, you may be able to build a portable canopy with a DIY design. This type of pergola roof requires less work but a larger canopy may need more tension in the wires to stay in place, especially when it rains.

Climbing vines

There are many different climbing vines you can choose from. Some of them are particularly beautiful, while others have more practical purposes. These vines can be a great way to cover your pergola’s roof. Clematis is a quick-growing vine that does not require pruning and is perfect for pergola roof ideas. It grows quickly and is drought-resistant.

Climbing vines can be used as an attractive covering for your pergola, and many types are suitable for pergolas in USDA Zones 9–12. Some types are edible, too. You can grow bougainvillea vines that don’t mind wet feet, while others are beautiful but require a lot of space. Morning glory vines are easy to grow and can perks up quickly. Kiwi vines need a lot of space, but they can bear fruit with pollination.

Shade sails

Pergola roof ideas involving shade sails can help you keep the interior of your pergola dry during the hot summer months and cool in the winter. They can be made of corrugated or smooth panels. Corrugated panels allow water to collect on their surface but let it run off. However, these panels require care and attention to detail to avoid damage. Flat panels are a simpler option and can be purchased in large panels or individual squares. They can be installed by attaching them to the pergola using appropriate hardware.

Shade sails come in a variety of shapes, from a small square to a large rectangle. Many have been designed to fit standard-size freestanding pergolas. Their inside post-to-post measurements range from 4'x4' to 16'x16'. For best results, choose a shade sail that measures about 10–12 inches smaller than the inside measurement of each corner of the pergola. For a secure fit, ratchet straps are helpful. These straps can be tightened over time if the shade sail stretches too much.

Wooden lattice

The roof of your pergola can be made of various materials, including wood. This material can be waterproof and resist water if it is properly treated. If you’re going to use wood, you should consider pressure-treating it to prevent rotting. Also, you should install the roof on an angle to prevent water from pooling. This wooden roofing material can also be used as decking.

Cedar wood is a natural material that is waterproof, UV-resistant, and insect-resistant. This wood is also resistant to strong winds. Cedar wood pergolas are also great because they can be painted and stained if needed. Another option is an arched teak pergola. You can also add a removable canopy that filters strong sunlight.

Retractable awnings

If you want to add more function to your pergola, you can choose from different styles of retractable awnings. You can choose between fabrics made of durable material and wood, plastic, or steel frames. They can also be installed on existing structures. This type of awning is ideal for covering small or odd-shaped areas.

Twinwall Polycarbonate is a very durable roofing material. It is also resistant to UV rays, making it a great choice for commercial buildings. The materials are manufactured in a variety of different ways, including fabrication and machining. This makes them extremely versatile. It is used for both residential and commercial buildings, and is available in many different shapes and colors.

Features

Twinwall polycarbonate roofing can be a great choice for many different applications. It is shatterproof and durable, and has a range of other benefits. Depending on your needs, it can be customized for almost any purpose, including greenhouses and carports. There are also a variety of colors available.

Twinwall polycarbonate is made of three layers, a top layer for light transmission and a middle layer for insulation. It is lightweight, and the cold-forming process prevents it from cracking and splintering. The most popular skylight roofing materials are ORIXON Polycabonate Twin Wall Sheets and SUNLITE triple wall polycarbonate sheets. The latter provides enhanced thermal insulation and a stronger structure, making it a better choice for heavier loads.

Twinwall polycarbonate has a variety of advantages, including its ease of fabrication. It is 250 times stronger than glass, and only half the weight. It also offers excellent light transmission, is safe and can be cut to fit any desired shape.

Cost

If you’re looking for a sustainable and durable material, twinwall polycarbonate roofing may be a great choice for your next project. The thermoplastic material has many advantages, such as high thermal resistance, and it can be recycled when its service life is over. Twinwall polycarbonate roofing can be made with two primary manufacturing methods.

Twinwall polycarbonate is made with multiple layers that are separated by air. It’s lightweight and easy to install, making it an excellent choice for both large and small projects. Whether you’re building a home, greenhouse, or carport, twinwall polycarbonate roofing is a great option.

Twinwall polycarbonate is a multi-layered polymer that offers excellent thermal efficiency. It’s also 12 times lighter than glass, and it’s virtually unbreakable. It also features interconnected channels, which create small chambers between the two layers of polycarbonate. These air chambers provide extra insulation and can also help you save on energy costs. It’s the perfect material for greenhouses and is very effective at controlling UV light.

UV protection

Polycarbonate is a lightweight, translucent material that offers great UV protection and is more flexible than glass. Twin wall polycarbonate is also 20% to 30% lighter than flat polycarbonate sheet. Twin wall polycarbonate has good weatherability and can last for more than fifteen years. These benefits make it a great choice for commercial greenhouses.

The protection provided by polycarbonate is better than sun protection creams, as it blocks the full spectrum of ultraviolet radiation. While UV protection is not visible to the naked eye, it is a vital aspect of building a roof made of this material. This type of protection is available from reputable sheet manufacturers. Be sure to ask your supplier for UV protection when you buy polycarbonate sheets.

Despite UV protection, polycarbonate roofing can still have issues with heat. The material may be installed the wrong way, which may reduce the amount of heat that enters the building. To prevent this, you must ensure that the polycarbonate sheets have a minimum pitch of five degrees. The minimum pitch is also necessary to avoid moisture collecting on the roof. If necessary, the polycarbonate roofing sheets can be finished with a flash band, end caps, or fixing buttons. However, it is important to ensure that the installation process is conducted safely, and that your installers follow safety practices when working with polycarbonate roofing.

Durability

Twinwall polycarbonate is an excellent choice for many architectural applications, including roofing. It’s available in many different colors and levels of transparency. This material is extremely lightweight, yet retains excellent mechanical properties and is ideal for glazing systems and roofing. Twinwall polycarbonate is manufactured by TAP Plastics and is used in most standard roofing and glazing applications.

Twinwall polycarbonate roofing offers many benefits, including the ability to be easily installed on large buildings. This material is lightweight, which makes it easy to work with. It is also versatile enough to be used for do-it-yourself projects and large-scale construction projects.

Installation

Twinwall polycarbonate roofing is a lightweight and highly durable roof material. It also offers superior insulation properties and is resistant to UV rays, weather, and impact. It can be installed easily and is available in a variety of colours. Some varieties let in more light, while others are darker and cooler.

If you’re building a new home or a commercial building, twinwall polycarbonate is a great choice. It has similar properties to multiwall polycarbonate, and both are designed to protect your home. The difference lies in the number of layers and thickness. The more layers you have, the better insulation you’ll get. Just remember to store your polycarbonate roofing in a dry place if you want to avoid scratching and moisture penetration.