#raid1

About RAID

RAID is an acronym for Redundant Array of Independent Disks.

RAID is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple physical disk drive components into one or more logical units for the purposes of data redundancy, performance improvement, or both.

Data is distributed across the drives in one of several ways, referred to as RAID levels, depending on the required level of redundancy and performance. The different schemes, or data distribution layouts, are named by the word "RAID" followed by a number, for example RAID 0 or RAID 1. Each scheme, or RAID level, provides a different balance among the key goals: reliability, availability, performance, and capacity. RAID levels greater than RAID 0 provide protection against unrecoverable sector read errors, as well as against failures of whole physical drives.

RAID 0 - The fastest transmission speed

RAID 0 consists of striping, but no mirroring or parity.

The capacity of a RAID 0 volume is the same; it is the sum of the capacities of the drives in the set. But because striping distributes the contents of each file among all drives in the set, the failure of any drive causes the entire RAID 0 volume and all files to be lost.

The benefit of RAID 0 is that the throughput of read and write operations to any file is multiplied by the number of drives because, reads and writes are done concurrently. 

The cost is increased vulnerability to drive failures—since any drive in a RAID 0 setup failing causes the entire volume to be lost, the average failure rate of the volume rises with the number of attached drives.

RAID 0 does not provide data redundancy but does provide the best performance of any RAID levels.

  RAID 1 - Data protection is the safest

RAID1 is data protection mode (Mirrored Mode). Half of the capacity is used to store your data and half is used for a duplicate copy. RAID 1 consists of data mirroring, without parity or striping. Data is written identically to two or more drives,If one drive goes down your data is protected because it's duplicated. The array continues to operate as long as at least one drive is functioning.

 RAID 5 - Best fit Data protection and transmission

RAID 5 consists of block-level striping with distributed parity.

RAID 5 requires at least three disks. In systems with four drives we recommend that you set the system to RAID 5. This gives you the best of both worlds: fast performance by striping data across all drives; data protection by dedicating a quarter of each drive in a four drive system to fault tolerance leaving three quarters of the system capacity available for data storage.

Upon failure of a single drive, subsequent reads can be calculated from the distributed parity such that no data is lost.

The risk is that rebuilding an array requires reading all data from all disks, opening a chance for a second drive failure and the loss of the entire array.

 RAID 6 - Large-capacity secure storage RAID6 is more suitable

RAID 6 consists of block-level striping with double distributed parity. Double parity provides fault tolerance up to two failed drives.

RAID 6 requires a minimum of four disks. As with RAID 5, a single drive failure results in reduced performance of the entire array until the failed drive has been replaced.

With a RAID 6 array, using drives from multiple sources and manufacturers, it is possible to mitigate most of the problems associated with RAID 5. The larger the drive capacities and the larger the array size, the more important it becomes to choose RAID 6 instead of RAID 5.

RAID 10 - High reliability and performance

RAID 10, also called RAID 1+0 . RAID 10 is a stripe of mirrors.

Arrays of more than four disks are also possible. A system set to RAID 10 yields half the total capacity of all the drives in the array.

RAID 10 provides better throughput and latency than all other RAID levels except RAID 0. This RAID mode is good for business critical database management solutions that require maximum performance and high fault tolerance. Thus, it is the preferable RAID level for I/O-intensive applications such as database, email, and web servers, as well as for any other use requiring high disk performance.

  RAID 50 - High reliability and performance

RAID 50, also called RAID 5+0, combines the straight block-level striping of RAID 0 with the distributed parity of RAID 5. As a RAID 0 array striped across RAID 5 elements, minimal RAID 50 configuration requires six drives.

One drive from each of the RAID 5 sets could fail without loss of data; for example, a RAID 50 configuration including three RAID 5 sets can tolerate three maximum potential simultaneous drive failures (but only one per RAID 5 set).

RAID 50 improves upon the performance of RAID 5 particularly during writes, and provides better fault tolerance than a single RAID level does. This level is recommended for applications that require high fault tolerance, capacity and random access performance.

RAID 60 - High reliability and performance

RAID 60, also called RAID 6+0, combines the straight block-level striping of RAID 0 with the distributed double parity of RAID 6, resulting in a RAID 0 array striped across RAID 6 elements. It requires at least eight disks.

  RAID 100 - High reliability and performance

RAID 100, sometimes also called RAID 10+0, is a stripe of RAID 10s. This is logically equivalent to a wider RAID 10 array, but is generally implemented using software RAID 0 over hardware RAID 10. Being "striped two ways", RAID 100 is described as a "plaid RAID".

JBOD (Just a Bunch Of Disks)

JBOD (abbreviated from "Just a Bunch Of Disks",also is known as "None RAID") is an architecture using multiple hard drives exposed as individual devices. Hard drives may be treated independently or may be combined into one or more logical volumes using a volume manager like LVM or mdadm, or a device-spanning filesystem like btrfs; such volumes are usually called SPAN or BIG.

A spanned volume provides no redundancy, so failure of a single hard drive amounts to failure of the whole logical volume.

Concatenation (SPAN, BIG, LARGE)

Concatenation or spanning of drives is not one of the numbered RAID levels, but it is a popular method for combining multiple physical disk drives into a single logical disk. It provides no data redundancy.

Spanning provides another maximum capacity solution, which some call it as "Big/Large". Spanning combines multiple hard drives into a single logical unit. Unlike Striping, Spanning writes data to the first physical drive until it reaches full capacity. When the first disk reaches full capacity, data is written to the second physical disk. Spanning provides the maximum possible storage capacity, but does not increase performance.

 What makes a SPAN or BIG different from RAID configurations is the possibility for the selection of drives. While RAID usually requires all drives to be of similar capacity and it is preferred that the same or similar drive models are used for performance reasons, a spanned volume does not have such requirements. The advantage of using this mode is that you can add more drives without having to reformat the system.

Clone

CLONE consists of at least two drives storing duplicate copies of the same data. In this mode, the data is simultaneously written to two or more disks. Thus, the storage capacity of the disk array is limited to the size of the smallest disk.

RAID Level Comparison

https://www.terra-master.com/global/products.html

TVS-673eのHDD換装

撮った写真をそのまま入れてたら メインのHDD容量が足りなくなってきたので久しぶりの換装。

年末あたりにエラー吐いて交換してたような気がするけど気にしない。

Western Digital HDD 8TB WD Red Plus ‘WD80EFAX-EC

前回換装時に次期換装は10TBか？とか予想してたが、10TBのWDの青って無いのね、8TBから安くても赤しかなかったので懐具合と相談の上、 8TBになってしまった。前回同様外付けから抜くのはガワが増えるだけなので今回は単品で購入。保証も3年あるしね。

で、現状把握。

こっちは交換したばかり。65日しか経ってない。

未だエラー吐いてない現役の子。

管理画面から「ディスクを１台ずつ交換する」を選択。

Disk1から交換。

取り外しが可能となり交換できるようになった。ここで古い方か交換すればよかったと後から思い知らされる。

新しいHDDを入れると勝手にリビルド開始。そして待つこと17時間。その途中でDisk2が S.M.A.R.T. でエラーを吐き出す。古い方から取り出せばよかった。

無事同期後、Disk2も換装して待つこと10時間。ようやく再構築完了。

そんでもって容量の拡張に5時間ほど。

前回の容量拡張はそれほどかからなかったのに今回はかなりの時間を要した。

This is not the most obvious thing with any operating system, but it’s particularly confusing on the Mac. If you have some data that is really sensitive, then you want to create a RAID1 also known as a mirror set. This means that if you have two 16TB drives for instance, the system writes the same data to both drives.

Then if one crashes, you just have to find another drive and it duplicates…

Just got in a RAID 1 (disk mirroring) Seagate (ST31000340NS) where one out of the two drives failed. Good thing the customer stopped what they were doing and brought the drive in for recovery. Let’s get started ✌🏼 

一眼レフやミラーレス一丸でRAWファイルで撮影している人にとって、写真の撮影と同じくらい悩むのが、撮影したRAWファイルと現像したJPGファイルをどう管理するかですよね。 RAWファイルは削除していいのか、現像したJPGはどのアプリで管理するのか・・・スマートフォンでも現像した写真をチェックしたり、共有したりしたい！ 私もそんな風に悩んでいた時期がありました。 今回はそんな悩みを抱えている方に役立つように、私が撮影したRAWファイルと現像したJPGファイルをどう管理しているか、また各種デバイスでチェック、シェアのためのクラウド化する方法を紹介していきたいと思います。 「Lightroom」でRAWファイルを現像、現像したJPGファイルを「写真アプリ」と「Googleフォト」で管理・共有するだけなのですが、細かいところも説明していきますので、参考にしてみてください。 Adobe…