āThe total landmass of the main island and surrounding smaller islands is approximately 650km2, though land reclamation is constantly increasing this figure. There are numerous patch reefs in the waters south of mainland Singapore and many of the small islands have fringing reefs.ā (Study area, para 1)
āChou (1988) surveyed four of Singaporeās southern reefs, including cyrene reef and Pulau Hantu which are studied here, and found between 25.3% and 62.0% live coral cover at 3m depth with a range of 15 to 28 genera.ā (Study area, para 1)
āRaffles Lighthouse (Pulau Satumu), Located 15km from the main island of Singapore, Raffles Lighthouse is the furthest offshore of the southern islands.
Pulau Hantu is predominantly made up of land reclaimed in 1974 and the island is now used for recreational purposes. Although most of the original reef flats have been covered, the reef slopes are still intact. However, these were delteriously affected by sedimentation from the reclamation project and are still subject to sedimentation from similar work and dredging in the vicinity, making the levels here slightly higher than at Raffles lighthouseā (Study area, para 2,3)
[2001] P. A. Todd, P. G. Sanderson, and L. M. Chou. āMorphological variation in the polyps of the scleractinian coral favia speciosa (Dana) around Singaporeā Hydrobiologica 444, no. 1-3 (2001):227-235.










