Step One:  get your cat to sit, and reward them with a treat. Step Two:  put your hand behind their right front leg and touch their paw. Step Three:  say “Shake.” A cat will often lift its foot when you touch it. If they do, take their paw in your hand and give it a gentle shake. Step Four:  Immediately give them a treat and a pet. Step Five:  repeat as needed.

I hope you find these tips for training your cat useful.

What is the Rule of Thirds in Photography and how you should use it?

When was the last time you clicked a photograph? What were the things you considered while taking it to make it an art?

Nothing.

If this was your answer and still you take photography as a hobby or trying to figure out how to build interest in photography, then you must read this post to know the basics of ‘Rule of Thirds’ in the photography world.

This is very helpful and one of the basic…

In 1866, the French engineer, Peccadeu de l’Isle discovered two pieces carved from the tip of a mammoth tusk inside a rock shelter near the village of Bruniquel, in the south of France. It was not until the early 20th century (1904) that Abbé Henri Breuil while visiting the British Museum, realized that the two pieces form a single sculpture which depicts a male and a female reindeer swimming closely one behind the other. The sculpture dates from the end of the last Ice Age and is thought to be at least 13,000 years old

Discovered in 1866 at Montastruc, Tarn et Garonne, France, as two separate pieces.  photo credit

It dates to the late Magdalenian period, (approximately 13,000 years ago)  photo credit

The leading figure is a female reindeer with a small body and antlers closely followed by a larger male figure. Both animals are shown with their chins up, antlers back and legs at full stretch as if they are swimming. Experts believe that the figure was created in autumn when animals migrate because only during this season both male and female reindeer have full antlers and coats.

The piece was carved from the tip of a mammoth tusk using stone tools, and then polished and engraved to add detail.  photo credit

The sculpture is the result of four separate stone technologies. First, the tip of the tusk was chopped with a chopping tool

Mammoth Spear thrower found with Swimming Reindeer sculpture, Late Magdalenian, about 12,500 years old photo credit

Then, the outlines of the animal were whittled with a stone knife and scraper. Next, powdered iron oxide, mixed with water, was used to polish off the entire piece which was later buffed with chamois leather. Finally, a stone engraving tool was used to incise the details carefully.

Acquired by the British Museum in 1887.  photo credit

Today it is part of the Christy Collection

It was bought by the British Museum in 1887 and, now, it is part of the Christy Collection. photo credit

Arguably, one of the most beautiful and admired cultural centers in Europe is the city of Prague in the Czech Republic, founded circa 880. The capital of Bohemia is home to the oldest university in Central Europe, dating back to 1348.

With culture and education this old, it’s only natural that Prague would be full of old libraries, and the most beautiful of them all is the Clementinum Library.

Baroque library hall.

East entrance of the Clementinum

The Clementinum (Klementinum in Czech) which is a historic complex of buildings housing the national library, is not considered only the most beautiful library in Prague but in the world, as well. The complex was founded when the Jesuits arrived in Bohemia in 1556. The name comes from the chapel dedicated to St. Clement, built in the 11th-century. Later, in the medieval period, a Dominican monastery was founded in the same place, providing a home to the Jesuits.

In 1622, the monastery was promoted to a university which later became the third largest Jesuit university in the world. In 1653, 31 years after its establishment, the Jesuits began with the reconstruction and expansion of the complex, which lasted for more than 170 years, employing some of the most prominent architects of the time. The Clementinum was expanded on over 2 hectares, becoming one of the largest building complexes in Europe. It is today the second largest complex in Prague after Prague Castle.

Klementinum, Prague 2008.

Although it is still a beautiful example of Baroque architecture, you can find various kinds of architectural styles in the complhhex, due to its long renovation period. Besides the classrooms, the Jesuits built bedrooms, a print room, church buildings, a pharmacy, and of course, the library. In 1654, two years after the library from Charles University was transferred there, the Clementinum college and university were merged. The complex was run by the Jesuits until 1773 when their order was dissolved. Two years after the Jesuits left, the oldest weather recording lab in the Czech Republic began operating as a part of the Clementinum University, and it is still functional to this day.

Officially, the library was opened in 1722. The book collection dates back to the time of the Jesuits, and it still has books with white spines and red marks left by them. Currently, the library is a home to more than 20.000 books, most of which are foreign theological literature, with writings dating from the 17th century up until today. Some of those rare books were given to Google for scanning and will soon be available on Google Books.

View of Prague from the Clementinum

The interior of the library is of a baroque style, and the magnificent frescoes on the ceiling are made by Jan Hiebl. The frescoes depict Jesuit saints, patrons of the university and motifs of education. The interiors have been untouched since the 18th century, with the portrait of Joseph II mounted at the head of the library hall, the Emperor who transferred the books from the abolished monastic libraries to the Clementinum Library. The library has a remarkable collection of terrestrial globes and astronomical clocks.

Prague Clementinum as seen from the top floor, where the Slavic library is situated. 

In 1777, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria declared the university and library as open to the public. In 1781, the director of the library Karel Rafael Ungar established a collection of Czech literature, which he called Biblioteca Nationals. This has triggered the idea of creating a national library.

His collection still stands in the same place, at the head of the library hall. One year later, in 1782, it was transformed into a legal deposit library. In 1990, the Clementinum became known as the National Library. Besides the magnificent examples of Czech literature collected by director Karel Rafael Ungar, the library houses pieces written by Tycho, Brahe, and Comenius.

Inside the Clementinum, Old Town, Prague

Today, the library is still functional. For several years there was a debate about expanding the space for future library collections as it was expected that the library would fill its capacity by 2010. So, in January 2006, the Prague authorities made a decision to sell one of the city-owned property to the National Library.

In the same year, an international architectural competition was started to get a design for the new National Library building. The architect Jan Kaplicky won the contest, and the final project is in the process of being realized.

Photos credit by Wikipedia.

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