Yes the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee Creek, and Seminole are today labeled the Five Civilized Tribes. By calling these nations slaveholders without context, the narrative hides the fact that United States forced assimilation policies and racial reclassification created divisions inside Native confederacies. It also hides the truth that thousands of Native people were themselves enslaved and sold to the Caribbean before Africans were ever brought in large numbers. That label Five Civilized Tribes itself was a racial political project. It meant those leaders had adopted European style farming, Christianity, written language, and even slaveholding in order to be considered civilized by United States standards.
Yes some leaders among the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee Creek, and Seminole held people in bondage before the Civil War. But the meme is incomplete without three facts. The label Five Civilized Tribes is a colonial tag. The word Creek itself is an outsider name for Muscogee towns. And many dark skinned Indigenous families were later reclassified as Negro or Freedmen by United States systems which erased Native identity on paper. One congressional record on Dawes enrollment admitted, “Freedmen and their descendants of the Five tribes were placed on separate sections of the Dawes rolls without degrees of blood.”
Creek is not an ancestral name. English speakers shortened Ocheese Creek and applied Creek to Muscogee people who lived along rivers and streams. That is an exonym, not what the people called themselves. The National Park Service explains plainly, “The English called the Muscogee the Creek, probably due to the large amount of rivers, creeks, and streams in their lands.” The Muscogee world was a confederacy of many towns and related groups. Yamassee communities allied and intertwined with these networks across the Southeast and into Spanish Florida.
Context on slavery in the Southeast is critical. Long before large African imports, colonists in Carolina exported Native captives by the thousands to the Caribbean. Historians record that between 1670 and about 1720 more Indians were shipped out of Charleston than Africans were imported into Carolina during the same years. The Gilder Lehrman Institute says, “From 1670 to 1720 more Indians were shipped out of Charleston, South Carolina, than Africans were imported as slaves.” The American Yawp, a standard college history text, repeats the same fact, noting that tens of thousands of Native people were enslaved in the southern colonies and that exports from Charleston exceeded African imports in those years. This is the trade that set the plantation order in motion.
Relations between Black and Native towns were complex. In Spanish Florida, runaways from the Carolinas and allied Native people found sanctuary and formed Fort Mose, the first legally sanctioned free Black town in what is now the United States. The National Park Service describes how in 1738 Spanish Florida granted asylum and established a fortified free Black town near St Augustine for the growing numbers of freedom seekers. Seminole and African allied communities lived in connected settlements and fought together in the Seminole Wars. This was not the same as the cotton plantation chattel model of the American South.
After the Civil War federal record keeping hardened race lines. On the Dawes Rolls the United States put many citizens of the Five Tribes on separate Freedmen lists and did not record any degree of Indian blood for them, even when they had Native parents and grandparents. That paper split is why later membership fights often exclude Freedmen families. The paperwork did the erasing.
Receipts you can quote directly inside posts
James Adair, trader among Southeastern nations, wrote in 1775, “The Indians are of a copper or red clay colour.” This shows how dark complexions were normal among Southeastern nations. Jack D Forbes in Africans and Native Americans documents how terms like Negro, mulatto, and people of color were applied to Native Americans in Anglo North America and how those labels shaped records.
Bottom line:
Some leaders in those nations did adopt slaveholding during the United States push to define civilization. But the deeper record shows three things. Creek is an English label. The Southeast ran a massive Indian slave trade that predated large African imports. And later United States enrollment systems reclassified many dark skinned Indigenous families as Negro or Freedmen. Erasure on paper does not erase ancestry in the land.
-Abundance Child
Editor : Emancipator Magazine
