Linear Quantum Network Multipartite Entanglement Generation
Multipartite Entanglement
Multipartite Entanglement in Europe's Real-World Q-Net-Q Network to Revolutionise Quantum Communication
A quantum internet led by Technische Universität Berlin researchers Janka Memmen and Anna Pappa is global. This innovative work addresses basic issues in distributing complex quantum entanglement, a critical resource for future distributed quantum computing and secure communication, using the Q-net-Q project architecture.
Quantum state distribution has been difficult, especially across long distances and in signal-loss-prone networks. Even though current research idealises network topologies as simple, star-like systems, linear layouts and restricted resources make practical implementations difficult, reflecting real-world infrastructure.
The Q-net-Q project provides a real-world testbed with a 664.4 km fibre optic link between Frankfurt and Berlin via seven trustworthy relay nodes. Originally designed for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) between neighbouring stations, the team hoped to boost network functionality. This network makes entanglement distribution difficult because its links vary in length and loss and each station has a distinct detector.
The research's key contribution is its original approach for producing Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) three-party entangled states. The network's capabilities beyond key exchange depend on these GHZ states, which are essential for quantum cryptography applications. Importantly, the researchers did this using only basic, two-party (bipartite) entanglement sources. They started their ingenious two-step approach with bipartite entanglement between a central node (Node B) and its neighbours (A and C).
Node B used a controlled-Z (C_Z) gate to entangle its two local qubits and then measured one of them in the Y-basis to change the bipartite entanglement into a three-party GHZ-equivalent state. Adjusting the approach to the network's characteristics was necessary to optimise entanglement production.
Strategic placement of quantum memories (QMs) at the central node was key to success. Given the substantial signal loss over long fibre optic networks, the need for simultaneous signal arrival at remote nodes greatly reduces the likelihood of creating GHZ in memory-less conditions. The researchers used quantum memory to store qubits locally to decouple these events, which increased generation rate and offered more time for entanglement dispersal. The team found that adding QMs at the central node maximises state formation to overcome signal loss and imprecise detection.
Quantum memories speed up manufacturing but lower fidelity due to memory decoherence noise, according to the study. The likelihood of producing GHZ states without QMs was very low. QMs could increase these probability by three orders of magnitude across the Berlin-Frankfurt route.
QMs increased the generation probability of the Berlin–Schäpe–Köckern segment by 359 from 3.6 x 10^-7 to 1.3 x 10^-4. The team found that even slight advances in quantum memory technology (e.g., T2 = 10 seconds) could produce high-fidelity states equivalent to the memory-less case while maintaining the generation rate advantage, even though realistic memory qualities (e.g., T2 = 2.5 seconds) resulted in lower fidelities. Imperfect quantum gates, fibre optic cable depolarisation, and detector dark counts were also considered noise sources.
This multipartite entanglement was tested for cryptographic protocols like CKA, AKA, and QSS beyond state creation. The team noted that multipartite entanglement has significant benefits, even though for a basic three-node linear sub-network, bipartite links may be more practical for CKA and QSS due to the noisy operations required for state generation.
ACKA requires that communicating parties remain anonymous, hence multipartite entanglement is preferable because creating bipartite links between every pair would be resource-intensive. Real multipartite entanglement is also needed for growing linear networks to more than three parties, especially for QSS, where participants cannot be trusted to route information or when only some nodes want to construct a key.
This study advances distributed quantum computing and secure communication by showing that existing infrastructure can build quantum communication networks. Increased state creation rate is essential to using these technologies in real applications. Future studies will scale up linear networks, explore entanglement merging methods, and construct more extensive quantum memory implementation models, including photon-atom interface difficulties. A convincing example of extracting multipartite entanglement in a real-world quantum network suggests future applications of such technology.
