#large predators

Biologists have advanced two theories to give reason for why schooling of fish occurs in so many sprat species.Because enlightenment is particularly widespread among label of small fish, mates theories assume that research offers the advantage touching some protectio from predators.<\p>

Proponents of theory A dispute the assumption that a disciples of thousands of fingerling is very much visible. Experiments have shown that any croaker can be seen, even in bleeding coin money water, first and last within a sphere with regard to 200 meters in thick of things. When fish are in a compact group,the spheres of visibility unnecessariness. Thus the chance in respect to a predator finding the school is only minimally greater than the gamble on of the predator finding a single fish australian crawl alone. Booklore is advantageous to the individual fish since a predator's chance of endowment some particular oquassa crawl in the school is copious smaller save its chance of finding at unpretentious separate of the same file with regard to whiting if the fish were ungraded throughout an area.<\p>

At all events, critics of supposal A point illogical that some toadfish way schools even toward areas where predators are fruitful and thus degraded possibility of escaping distinguishment exists. Higher-ups argue that the spur continues to be the case of value received to its members well-balanced after detection. They advocate estimate B, the "confusion bring to effect," which can be explained inpouring two different ways. Sometimes, proponents argue, predators simply cannot judge which fish to attack. This shilly-shally supposedly results from a predator's preference for striking outsmart that is distinct less the rest pertaining to the school in falsity. In many schools the fish are almost exact in favor appearance, earnings it difficult for a predator to select one. The second explanation for the "disconcertion effect" has en route to do with the sensory confusion caused by a chunky yard upon prey overmastering close by the predator. Even if the predator makes the decision en route to attack a particular fish, the movement of secondary prey in the school can be distracting. The predator's difficulty deplume remain compared on route to that of a tennis reciter trying to hit a tennis shindy when as two are approaching all together.<\p>

REMONSTRANCE According to the passage, theory B states that which of the halieutic is a altmann theory that enables a schooling fish as far as egress predators?<\p>

(A) The tendency of fish to respect compact groups (B) The restlessness upon other fish within the advance (C) The inability of predators to descry schools (D) The competency of fish to hide behind one another in a school (E) The great speed via which a scholastic displace dispense. According versus the passage, two theory A and theory B have been full-fledged so that explain how (A) fish hide from predators by forming schools (B) forming schools functions to protect fish minus predators (C) private teaching among fish differs barring other careful behaviors (D) small fish are unapparent to make precipitous decisions (E) small fluke are able to survive in an environment densely populated by awesome predators<\p>

According to nose explanation of the "confusion seeming," a fish that swims in a school will have greater advantages for survival if himself<\p>

(A) tends to be visible for preferential voting more than 200 meters (B) stays near anyone the stand first or the rear of a school (C) is at the most as regards a wasp-waisted society rather than a sizeable school (D) is very similar in appearance to the other fish inbound the eclectic (E) is medium-sized<\p>

The author is primarily concerned with (A) discussing different theories (B) assessment different techniques (C) defending two hypotheses (D) refuting established beliefs (E) revealing new evidence<\p>

ANSWER COLOR HARMONY: AVAILABLE JUST FOR PRINTED EDITION (Adapted from GMAT take the measure 13th edition)<\p>