#irpa

Philippine’s IPs and Heritage Protection As economic necessity and a climate crisis leave no part of the world untouched, countries around the world are reframing their standards for growth. One way to go at it is through the not-so-new concept of heritage. It has been a global exercise where states protect unique features of their cultural and natural environment, and regard them as assets to be projected globally. Assisting in the protection of claims to land, resources, and intellectual property, I propose that this disposition can help our archipelagic, multicultural country cultivate better livelihoods especially for marginalized groups such as the IPs.

IPs in the Philippines have been struggling to sustain their heritage since the 1980s. When the government began to destroy their land, their culture went with it as well. These actions have been passable under the law and now are even enabled by President Duterte’s violent remarks against their communities. The Regalian Doctrine, which holds the State as the sole owner of lands, continues to reign in our constitution, allowing for capitalistic ventures to be prioritized over CADT applications that protect the IP’s rights to their land.

If CADTs are given, the Lumad can reside in their homes and continue their relationships with the environment, but for the past 20 years, our government has failed to make moves for indigenous heritage.  Some countries have protected their own assets for recognition and have even garnered revenue and prestige from what they are naturally adept with. Such is the tree resin from Amazonian tribes and the nuts from Brazil. In both examples, protected land has been the main driver of the produce quality. With that priority, livelihood can be ensured. Instead, our path has been geared toward capitalist development that destroys nature. For example, instead of elevating the non-timber products and agricultural goods harvested by the IPs, mining in Zamboanga Peninsula and legal approval of the Kaliwa Dam were the chosen paths to aid development.

The lone stronghold left defending IP rights is their Free, Prior and Informed Consent- a right to be consulted before any development venture takes place in their ancestral domain. Essentially, the FPIC is a political wager for IPs to suggest whether or not development should take place. However, to institutions, this is seen simply as a yes or no answer easily invalidated vis-a-vis the given development path. Evaluations for past implementations all indicated failure- that there was not enough institutional capacity to enforce and assist such a wager. With that, IPs deliberately lose all means of political negotiation and protection against legislations like the Regalian Doctrine.

If this country is to celebrate multicultural diversity, and even hold the SEA Games, then it should also stand alongside people in defending their land and rights. Instead, war is waged upon citizens for the profit of multinational companies. With this in mind, the Philippines has yet to unite towards the overall protection of livelihood rooted in context- in the name of protecting culture, environment and the people that have given it life.

Sources America, Oxfam (2013) Free Prior and Informed Consent in the Philippines: Regulations and Realities. Available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/oxfam-us/www/static/media/files/fpic-in-the-philippines-september-2013.pdf (Accessed: 7 October 2020).

Erasga, Dennis. (2008). Ancestral Domain Claim: The Case of the Indigenous People in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). Asia-pacific Social Science Review. 8. 10.3860/apssr.v8i1.704. 

Displaced Drafts for Displaced Persons (2020). Available at: https://angeencomienda.livejournal.com/2600.html (Accessed: 7 October 2020).

Doyle, C. (2019). The Philippines Indigenous Peoples Rights Act and ILO Convention 169 on tribal and indigenous peoples: exploring synergies for rights realisation. The International Journal of Human Rights, 24(2-3), 170–190. doi:10.1080/13642987.2019.1679120 Mindanao, 3. (2020) Filipinas Heritage Library | The Lumad of Mindanao, Filipinaslibrary.org.ph. Available at: https://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/articles/the-lumad-of-mindanao/ (Accessed: 12 October 2020).

NATIONAL COMMISSION ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (1998 ) RULES AND REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8371, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS “THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ RIGHTS ACT OF 1997” , Wipo.int. Available at: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ph/ph083en.pdf (Accessed: 7 October 2020).

Definição: Incapacidade do sistema respiratório em manter trocas gasosas adequadas, resultando em hipoxemia e/ou hipercapnia. Causas: 1. Obstrução de VAS (Observar inspiração) - Aspiração de corpo estranho / Processos infecciosos (abscesso peritonsilar, crupe, epiglotite) / Anafilaxia, hipertrofia de tonsilas, malformação congênita e tumores. 2. Obstrução de VAI (Observar expiração) - Asma / Bronquiolite. 3. Comprometimento do parênquima pulmonar - Pneumonia viral, bacteriana ou química / Edema pulmonar. 4. Distúbios do centro respiratório - Convulsões / TCE / Tumores cerebrais / Doenças neuromusculares. Diagnóstico: Clínico - Seguir sistematização do PALS-AHA: Sinais precoces são taquipneia, tiragens, gemência e batimento de aleta nasal. Sinais tardios (sinais de gravidade) são bradipneia, cianose, apneia e RNC. Complementar - Gasometria (incluindo relação entre PaO2 de sangue arterial, FiO2 e índice de oxigenação IO); Driving pressure (pacientes em VM); USG pulmonar (identificação de padrões - consolidação, atelectasia, doença intersticial). Parâmetros Gasométricos: Tipo 1 - Hipoxêmica | PaO2 <60 mmHg | PaCO2 Normal/Diminuída | Gradiente A-a Aumentado | Mecanismo: Shunt ou V/Q Baixo | Exemplos: Pneumonia, SDRA/PARDS, Bronquiolite Tipo 2 - Hipercápnica | PaO2 <60 mmHg | PaCO2 >50 mmHg | Gradiente A-a Normal | Mecanismo: Hipoventilação | Exemplos: Doença neuromuscular, Sedação profunda Tipo 3 - Mista | PaO2 <60 mmHg | PaCO2 >50 mmHg | Gradiente A-a Aumentado | Mecanismo: Combinação Shunt + Hipoventilação | Exemplos: IRpA grave, *Falência de desmame Escalonamento Terapêutico: 1 - O2 | Cânula (FiO2 entre 24-40%, não passar de 4L/min), Venturi (válvulas variam FiO2 entre 25-60%), máscara não reinalante (FiO2 até 95% entre 10-12L/min) | Indicações: Hipoxemia leve 2 - HFNC (Cateter nasal de alto fluxo - resulta em pressão positiva de 4-6 cmH20) | Indicações: IRpA moderada, taquipneia 3 - VNI | CPAP/BiPAP | Indicações: Evitar IOT 4 - VMI | Indicações: Driving pressure <= 15, estratégia protetora 5 - ECMO | Indicações: IO >40 Atenção: #Critérios de Falha do Suporte Não Invasivo# - Sat02 < 90% com FiO2 > 60% - pH < 7,25 ou PaCO2 em ascensão - Fagida, tiragens graves, queda do NC - IO >= 16 #Frequências Respiratórias Normais - PALS/AHA# Bebê | 30-53 IRPM 1ª infância (1-2 anos) | 22-37 IRPM Idade pré-escolar (3-5 anos) | 20-28 IRPM Idade escolar (6-9* anos) | 18-25 IRPM Adolescente | 12-20 IRPM

So which one?

Just like for his hair, we don't know for sure. And for the gray part, I think it's just shading from the artists' work, nothing less. Not that they want to give gray skin to Loki XD

Let's add some more dwarves character in my book series!!!

(.... If only just to piss off Disney :p)

More seriously, I just found about about some really cool lady dwarves from Norse mythology and of course, I had to add them to the story.

There were already a few very interesting male dwarves, but we needed ladies too!! :D (and no, Tolkien fans, sorry to disappoint you, they do not have beards... not from the sources I have read anyway XD)

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