#iranbitumen

Breaking of emulsions There are basically six parameters that can change the emulsion breaking properties: The amount of bitumen Blue phase composition Particle size distribution Environmental conditions Chippings Use of fragile agents Amount of bitumen: In large amounts of bitumen, bitumen particles are more likely to collide and accumulate with each other, and as a result, the emulsion failure rate is higher. Blue phase composition: It has been shown that by decreasing the amount of acid, increasing the amount of emulsion fire or decreasing the ratio between acid and emulsion fire in the emulsion, the failure rate increases. Particle size distribution: The smaller the bitumen particle size, the better their dispersion and consequently the lower the emulsion failure rate. Environmental conditions: The rate of water evaporation is affected by wind speed, humidity and temperature, respectively. Temperature and humidity are interdependent: when the air temperature decreases, the relative humidity increases. It will be difficult to work with the emulsion at night and at low temperatures, and it will completely stop the 100% moisture loss of water. At higher temperatures the bitumen particles in the emulsion are more mobile and the bitumen is softer. Under such conditions, the particles have a strong tendency to accumulate and therefore easily clot. Chipping Chipping: Emulsion spray conditions K1-70 start the emulsion failure process. Therefore, chipping is necessary immediately after applying the emulsion on the road surface. It is necessary to ensure that the emulsion is still capable of wetting the chips. When chipping is used, the failure rate is increased by adsorption of emulsifiers on the particles and evaporation of water. Absorption of emulsion fire can be completely stopped by using coated chipping. In contrast, dust can break the emulsion and prevent it from sticking to the chipping. Chipping surface area (size and shape) has a significant effect on emulsion failure. Inside the emulsion, emulsion fire molecules are present both in water and on the surface of particles. Some emulsion ions of micelles are in equilibrium in a stable emulsion, as shown in Figure 5.6. If some emulsion ions are removed from the solution, equilibrium is restored by the micelle ions and the droplet surface. This occurs when the emulsion comes in contact with mineral particles. The negatively charged mineral particle surface rapidly absorbs some soluble ions and the charge on the droplets is attenuated. This starts the failure process shown in Figure 6.6. At the point where the charge on the surface of the droplets is quickly discharged, rapid clotting occurs. The mineral particles are now covered by hydrocarbon chains, so the free bitumen is firmly attached to the surface. Use of fragile agents: The use of brittle agents can speed up the emulsion failure process. For surface coating emulsions, brittle agent spraying can be used simultaneously or after application of the emulsion to the surface. Caution is required when using emulsion brittle agents because using a small amount of brittle agent can be ineffective and using a large amount can affect adhesion and poor dispersion of brittle agent can have a similar effect.

Aqeel Ghadim, the head of the bitumen and asphalt department of the Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center, in an interview with Mehr, explained the violations that occur in the field of bitumen production. He said: "Unfortunately, some bitumen factories try to produce this valuable and expensive product from worthless raw materials, which leads to the production of poor quality bitumen." He added: "We have a phenomenon in the country called counterfeit bitumen; According to studies that we have done in the past few years and have regularly observed, when the price of bitumen increases, the production and supply of counterfeit bitumen to the market is highly justified, and in periods when bitumen becomes cheaper, the economic justification for bitumen production Non-standard and counterfeit are also eliminated. Counterfeit bitumen, by combining standard bitumen with furnace oil, produces acidic sludge that has no refinery-based derivatives, burnt engine oil, recycled plastics, or some low-value minerals. The head of the bitumen and asphalt department of the Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center described the source and raw material of counterfeit bitumen production as different materials and added: "One of them is furnace oil. The other is acid sludge that does not have refinery base derivatives;" Burnt engine oil, recycled plastics or some low-value minerals that melt and mix into bitumen. He added: "Another case of low-quality bitumen that exists in the country is a substance that is imported from Iraq under the name of bitumen, but it is not in any way compatible with a product called bitumen and it can not be called bitumen;" Because its raw materials are not materials used to produce real bitumen at all. This material is imported from Iraq if it was supposed to be swap, but it has entered the country's road construction industry. How to prevent counterfeit bitumen from entering road construction projects? Ghadim stated: The more accurate the controls at the source, the more the possibility of producing poor quality bitumen is reduced. Currently, 181 road bitumen factories in the country are licensed. The number of bitumen producers is 376 production units, but the producers who claim to produce road bitumen and asphalt roads are 181 units, of which only 25 production units are qualified to produce quality bitumen for the road construction industry. If we increase the controls at the source, which are the production units, and control them along the way, we can be somewhat sure that counterfeit bitumen does not enter the road construction industry. In this regard, the employer body and the subdivision of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development should cooperate He added: "If we increase the controls at the source, which are the production units, and it is controlled along the way, we can be somewhat sure that counterfeit bitumen does not enter the road construction industry." Employer body including the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Transportation Infrastructure Construction and Development Company, Highways and Road Transportation Organization, Municipal and Rural Cooperation Organization, Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation (as the custodian of asphalt of rural roads in rural pilot projects ) And Iran Airports and Air Navigation Company (as the custodian of airport runway development) should cooperate in this field. One thousand percent profit of counterfeit bitumen production! / Supply to the market this year was one third The head of the bitumen and asphalt department of the Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center pointed out that the economy of producing counterfeit bitumen is very strong and profiteers get wide profits from this place and traders have a high incentive to produce counterfeit bitumen. Tons of bitumen have fluctuated from 2 million and 300 thousand tomans to 4 million and 200 thousand tomans in recent months. On the other hand, a liter of furnace oil is 300 tomans, which if we consider bitumen to be 3 thousand tomans (average) per kilogram, the production of counterfeit bitumen for fraudsters is 10 times or one thousand percent. He added: "According to our estimates, 300,000 tons of counterfeit bitumen entered the market in 1996, which was a figure of about 300 to 400 billion tomans of counterfeit bitumen economy." Therefore, the profit from the production of counterfeit bitumen is very high and it is justified for traders to bring this type of bitumen into the market. According to the official, our estimate is that this figure will be reduced to one third this year and 100,000 tons of counterfeit bitumen will enter the market. Ghadim pointed out that the Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center has signed memoranda of understanding with bitumen and asphalt consuming devices, noting that these devices consume 85% of the country's bitumen and with the controls that the Bitumen Research Center consumes. Consumption of these devices, we have been able to reduce the consumption of low quality and counterfeit bitumen in the asphalt of roads. I believe that the production of counterfeit bitumen is now less than the volume of low-quality bitumen in 1996. Of course, the supply of poor quality and counterfeit bitumen is high; But employers have become more aware and demand for counterfeit bitumen has declined. If employers did not control the production of bitumen, it was likely that the production of counterfeit bitumen would reach one thousand billion tomans this year. In 1996, 300,000 tons of counterfeit bitumen entered the market, which was a figure of about 300 to 400 billion tomans of counterfeit bitumen economy. We estimate that this year this figure will be reduced to one third and 100,000 tons of counterfeit bitumen will enter the market. He pointed out that the employer's profit in setting up the passage is of quality: "For this reason, the employer does not benefit from the contractors' quarrels with the producers of counterfeit bitumen." While life projects

Description of road construction operation of single-layer surface coating: Road construction operation is to prepare a path on the ground with a specified width that users and users can cross from one point to another. Many two items of excavation and excavation in the operation They confuse civil engineering with each other. In fact, excavation is the low and high ground harvest and the excavation depth is about 60 cm. This means that in excavation, only low elevations and surface heights are removed from the ground. In contrast, excavation has another meaning. Excavation means removing the low and high ground with a depth of more than 60 cm. Description of single-layer surface coating road construction operations Road construction operations consist of three main steps: • Asphalt bitumen base • Primekt foundation • Final pavement of surface coated asphalt - single coat (Tack Coat) to impregnate any asphalt or concrete surfaces with bitumen and Bringing adhesion with a new asphalt layer A variety of liquid bitumens are used as a thin layer. This layer is called surface coating (single coat) and creates a connection between the pavement surfaces with each other. Obviously, the use of surface coating is necessary to create adhesion between the two layers of existing and new asphalt. The use of emulsion bitumens is recommended to apply a single coat layer and the use of soluble bitumens should be avoided. CRS-1 and CRS-2 emulsion bitumens are recommended for applying single coat top layer. Due to the rapid breaking of the emulsion and the rapid readiness of the new asphalt layer, these two types of emulsions are more suitable. The amount of emulsion bitumen required for surface coating is about 250 to 500 grams per square meter. Although the exact amount of consumption is determined by the monitoring device, the amount of emulsion bitumen used on old and worn asphalt surfaces varies according to the amount of damage compared to new asphalts. The best conditions for performing a single coat at a temperature of 15-10 degrees Celsius and in such conditions should not be less than 5 degrees Celsius. Although it is possible to apply a single coat with emulsion bitumen in wet road conditions, but in rainy weather conditions or when it is likely to rain, it should be avoided. The important point is to apply the top coat on the same day that the top coat was applied. Obviously, during this period, traffic should be prevented from passing over the single coat layer, and before spraying bitumen, the road surface should be thoroughly cleaned of any contamination, soil and possible debris. To do this, you can use a mechanical vacuum cleaner and air compressor, and you must ensure that the single coat layer is uniform and the same size for all surfaces. It is important to control the bitumen nozzles and the angle and height of the spray nozzle from the road surface. The bitumen spraying machine must be equipped with the necessary tools and without defects, and it must have a speedometer and, if necessary, and according to the ambient temperature and the bitumen must be equipped with a heater. The bitumen spraying machine should be designed in such a way that the operator can activate or stop the spraying at any time and can control the volume of spraying and the machine and bitumen sprayer can circulate and heat the bitumen and can spray by means of a pump. . Also, the bitumen tank should be double-walled in order to maintain a constant temperature inside the tank. Characteristics of a good bitumen sprayer: • The quality and type of all nozzles of a bitumen sprayer should be the same. • The speed of the vehicle carrying the bitumen should be constant and uniform. • The height of the bitumen distribution pipe from the road surface is constant when the tank is full or empty. • The installation angle of the nozzles should be the same along the distribution pipe. • Bitumen sprayer must be able to change the width. • Bitumen sprayer should have internal plates to prevent bitumen turbulence in bitumen.

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