There are also "possible hets." These are organisms that have a documented chance of carrying a recessive trait, but the dominant trait is too strongly expressed to be able to tell for certain. A good example in humans is eye color. Brown is the dominant color, while blue/gray is recessive. The brown eye trait can be either completely or incompletely dominant, meaning it may or may not allow the recessive trait to be partially expressed. Green and hazel eyes represent an incompletely dominant brown eye trait paired with a recessive blue eye trait. So a person with green or hazel eyes is most certainly het for blue eyes. But a person with brown eyes could possibly be het for blue eyes as well. That person's chances of possessing that het depend on the genetics of the parents. For instance, if both parents were het for blue eyes, but the offspring has brown eyes, then the offspring possesses a two in three chance of being het for blue eyes. We call this 67% het blue eyes.

This analysis will look at the hair and eye colors possible in La Familia Madrigal. Hair color in Colombia is influenced by both European and indigenous South American genes, as well as a good mix of African genes and a sprinkling of genes from other parts of the world. Blond and red/ginger do not exist in South America naturally, but were introduced by Europeans. These colors are today well represented in the population of Colombia, as are all hair textures (for more on that, see the following video):

Since the blond gene (which is co-dominant with brown over red) does not appear to be present in the current Madrigal family, we can just ignore it. For the purposes of this analysis, I am grouping brown and black hair together, since the two colors are simply mild variations of the same gene.

We know Alma and Pedro both have a 100% chance of carrying the red hair gene, because while neither of them have red hair, they nonetheless produced one red-haired child: Pepa. They can be considered het ginger. And while neither Bruno nor Julieta have red hair, they have a chance of inheriting the ginger gene from one of their parents.

Bruno and Julieta are each 67% het ginger, as they each have a two in three chance of carrying the recessive ginger trait. Brown/black hair tends to be completely dominant over red (blond less so; as a blonde who is 100% het ginger, I can attest to this), so it's not very common for a het ginger brunette to express any of the red hair trait. Since Bruno and Julieta are both 67% het ginger, they have at least half that chance--or 33%--of passing that gene along in some form to their offspring. Remember this, as it will come up later.

Alma and Pedro both have brown eyes. Since two of their children have green and hazel eyes, which are only possible with the incomplete expression of the brown eye gene paired with a blue eye trait, we know that at least one of them also carries the blue eye trait, albeit paired with a completely dominant brown eye trait. Since we don't know which of them carries this trait, we can say that each of them is 50% het for blue eyes.

Meanwhile, we CAN say with confidence that Pepa and Bruno are both 100% het for blue eyes. Julieta, on the other hand, is 50% het for blue eyes. Since each of her parents has an equal chance of carrying or not carrying the blue eye trait, so does she.

So, to recap:

Alma - 100% het ginger, 50% het blue eyes

Pedro - 100% het ginger, 50% het blue eyes

Julieta - 67% het ginger, 50% het blue eyes

Pepa - Ginger, 100% het blue eyes

Bruno - 67% het ginger, 100% het blue eyes

Moving on to the third generation, we have the cool color siblings: Isabela, Luisa and Mirabel.

All three of the cool color sisters are brunettes with brown eyes. Because we don't know Agustín's genetics, we don't know if he has any hets. So we will have to assume the girls' genetics based on their mother.

Julieta has half the chance of passing along any hets she possesses that she has of actually possessing them. In other words, since she is 67% het for ginger, she only has a 33% chance of passing that trait along. Thus each of her girls has at least a 33% chance of possessing the ginger trait. Likewise, since Julieta is 50% het for blue eyes, each of her girls is at least 25% het for blue eyes.

Next, the warm color siblings: Dolores, Camilo and Antonio.

As the offspring of Pepa, each of these kids has a 100% chance of possessing the ginger trait. None of them have red hair, so they are all 100% het ginger. As for eye color, Dolores and Antonio both have brown eyes, while Camilo has hazel eyes. Camilo, we can be sure, is 100% het for blue eyes. Dolores and Antonio have a smaller chance of possessing the blue eye trait. We don't know Félix's genetics, but we can probably assume he lacks any hets for hair or eye color, and is most likely homozygous dominant for both traits. Thus Dolores and Antonio are each 50% het for blue eyes, meaning they each have an equal chance of possessing or not possessing the blue eye trait.

Grandkid roundup:

Isabela - 33% het ginger, 25% het blue eyes

Luisa - 33% het ginger, 25% het blue eyes

Mirabel - 33% het ginger, 25% het blue eyes

Dolores - 100% het ginger, 50% het blue eyes

Camilo - 100% het ginger, 100% het blue eyes

Antonio - 100% het ginger, 50% het blue eyes