#goacivilcode

Goa’s divorce and maintenance law is different from most of India, and one wrong legal move can cost a husband heavily. From maintenance defence to property rights, this guide explains how husbands can protect themselves with law, evidence and strategy.

NEW DELHI: Goa is often sold in public debate as India’s “Uniform Civil Code” model. But in court, slogans do not win cases. Documents, pleadings, income proof, marriage registration, domicile, asset regime, conduct of parties and legally admissible evidence decide the result.

For husbands facing divorce, maintenance, property division or false matrimonial allegations in Goa, the first mistake is to assume that the same rules used in Delhi, Mumbai, Haryana or Uttar Pradesh will automatically apply.

Goa has a distinct family law framework rooted in the Portuguese Civil Code and related family laws. The Portuguese Civil Code, 1867 continues in Goa by virtue of Section 5(1) of the Goa, Daman and Diu Administration Act, 1962, and India Code notes that the family laws on marriage, divorce and protection of children enacted around 1910–11 were not physically integrated into the Code.

This is why a husband in Goa must fight with Goa-specific legal strategy, not generic matrimonial advice copied from Hindu Marriage Act templates.

THE FIRST DEFENCE: CHECK WHETHER GOA LAW APPLIES

The first legal question is not maintenance. It is jurisdiction and applicable law.

In Sanjay S/o Fondu Bhandare v. Lina W/o Sanjay Bhandare, the Bombay High Court referred to Article 5 and held that parties governed by Portuguese Family Law in Goa can file divorce proceedings in the court of domicile or the court having jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s residence within Goa.

The Court also made it clear that courts outside Goa cannot simply entertain such divorce petitions under Portuguese Family Law, and it rejected the assumption that Hindu law would apply merely because the parties were Hindus or married by Hindu rites.

This matters because many husbands make the basic mistake of fighting in the wrong forum or under the wrong statute. If the marriage is governed by Goa’s family law regime, the defence must be built around that regime.

GOA DIVORCE IS NOT A CASUAL “IRRETRIEVABLE BREAKDOWN” ARGUMENT

A husband cannot walk into court and say, “We are separated, so give divorce.” Goa divorce law requires a statutory ground.

The Karnataka High Court, while dealing with parties governed by Portuguese Family Law, noted that this law contains special provisions for dissolution of marriage, including adultery, conviction in a criminal case, ill-treatment or serious injuries, complete abandonment of conjugal domicile, incurable unsoundness of mind, de facto separation, contagious disease and related grounds.

This means a husband must plead facts with precision. Dates matter. Conduct matters. Evidence matters. If the ground is abandonment, the husband must prove abandonment. If the ground is adultery, the husband must prove legally acceptable circumstances. If the ground is cruelty or ill-treatment, vague allegations will not be enough.

DESERTION OR ABANDONMENT: THE HUSBAND MUST PROVE THE LEGAL INGREDIENTS

In Nazario Alfred Magalhaes v. Maria Fatima Varela, the husband sought divorce on the ground of abandonment of the conjugal domicile under Clause 5 of Article 4 of the Law of Divorce. The High Court noted that this ground requires complete abandonment for not less than three years. The Court applied the settled ingredients of desertion: factum of separation, intention to bring cohabitation permanently to an end, absence of consent, and absence of conduct giving reasonable cause to the other spouse to leave.

The brutal lesson for husbands is simple: if your own conduct gave the wife reasonable cause to live separately, your desertion case may collapse. In that case, the Court found that the husband was living in adultery and held that he could not take advantage of his own wrong.

So the defence strategy must be clean. Before filing divorce, a husband must audit his own facts. Courts punish weak pleadings and contradictory conduct.

MAINTENANCE IN GOA: DO NOT FIGHT EMOTIONALLY, FIGHT ON DISCLOSURE

Maintenance is not meant to become legal extortion. But it also will not be defeated by shouting “false case” without evidence.

After the new criminal procedure law, Section 144 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 deals with maintenance for wives, children and parents. It allows maintenance where a person with sufficient means neglects or refuses to maintain his wife who is unable to maintain herself, children, or parents. It also permits interim maintenance and proceeding expenses, and states that interim maintenance applications should, as far as possible, be disposed of within sixty days from service of notice.

But the same section also gives important defences to husbands. No wife is entitled to maintenance under Section 144 if she is living in adultery, or if she refuses to live with her husband without sufficient reason, or if both parties are living separately by mutual consent. The Magistrate must cancel the order if these facts are proved.

This is where most men fail. They allege adultery, but bring no evidence. They allege income, but do not demand disclosure. They allege concealment, but do not file the documents. Maintenance defence is not anger. Maintenance defence is paperwork.

RAJNESH V. NEHA: INCOME DISCLOSURE IS THE BATTLEFIELD

The Supreme Court in Rajnesh v. Neha framed a national framework for maintenance proceedings, including disclosure of income, expenditure, assets and liabilities. The official court-hosted document includes a declaration requiring full and accurate disclosure of income, expenditure, assets and liabilities from all sources, and an undertaking to inform the court of material changes.

For husbands, this judgment is a weapon if used properly.

A husband should not merely say, “She is earning.” He must ask for her bank statements, ITRs, Form 26AS/AIS, salary slips, business income, professional receipts, UPI trail, property income, social media business activity, rent income and lifestyle evidence. Similarly, he must disclose his own income honestly because concealment by the husband can backfire badly.

THE 25% SALARY MYTH: IT IS NOT AUTOMATIC

Many people wrongly believe that maintenance is always 25% of the husband’s salary. That is not the law.

In Kalyan Dey Chowdhury v. Rita Dey Chowdhury, the Supreme Court referred to 25% of the husband’s net salary as just and proper in the facts of that case, but also stated that maintenance always depends on the factual situation and must be moulded on various factors. The Court considered the husband’s changed circumstances, including his second marriage and child, and reduced the maintenance from ₹23,000 to ₹20,000 per month.

So the husband’s defence must place the complete financial picture before the court: actual income, unavoidable liabilities, dependent parents, children, loans, medical expenses, cost of living, wife’s income and her earning capacity. Courts decide facts, not slogans.

GOA PROPERTY REGIME: MARRIAGE DOES NOT MEAN ONE-SIDED LOOT

Goa’s property law is often misunderstood. Under the Portuguese Civil Code, many marriages operate under a communion regime unless a valid antenuptial arrangement provides otherwise.

In Xavier Agnelo Minguel Jose Gracias v. State of Goa, the Bombay High Court discussed the communion of matrimonial assets, noting that Article 1108 introduces communion between spouses of present and future assets not excluded by law, while antenuptial conventions allow spouses to stipulate arrangements regarding assets before marriage. The Court also noted that spouses married under the communion regime become owners in common, but conjugal communion can be dissolved only for causes stated in law, such as death, divorce or separation.

This is critical for husbands. A divorce in Goa may involve not only maintenance but also property consequences. The husband must immediately identify:

the marriage registration details;

the applicable matrimonial property regime;

whether any antenuptial agreement exists;

assets acquired before marriage;

assets acquired after marriage;

excluded assets;

liabilities attached to assets;

business assets and personal assets;

inherited property;

pending inventory or partition issues.

A careless husband may lose more through poor documentation than through the law itself.

MUTUAL CONSENT DIVORCE IN GOA: SETTLEMENT MUST BE PRECISE

Goa mutual consent divorce requires careful drafting. A husband should never sign a vague settlement just to “finish the matter.”

Final settlement terms must cover permanent alimony, maintenance waiver if legally permissible, child custody, visitation, education expenses, medical expenses, residence, jewellery, stridhan, shared property, bank accounts, vehicles, loans, pending criminal complaints, domestic violence proceedings and future litigation.

If settlement language is loose, the husband may pay today and still face fresh litigation tomorrow.

COURTROOM DEFENCE POINTS FOR HUSBANDS

A husband’s legal defence in Goa divorce and maintenance matters should be built around these points:

First, whether the Goa family law regime applies and whether the case is filed in the correct court.

Second, whether the wife has independent income or sufficient means to maintain herself.

Third, whether she has made full disclosure under the maintenance affidavit framework.

Fourth, whether the husband’s actual income is being inflated by assumptions.

Fifth, whether liabilities, parents, children and medical expenses have been ignored.

Sixth, whether the wife is living in adultery, refusing cohabitation without sufficient reason, or living separately by mutual consent, because these are statutory defences under Section 144 BNSS.

Seventh, whether property claims are being mixed with maintenance claims to create pressure.

Eighth, whether the divorce ground is legally proved, not merely emotionally alleged.

EVIDENCE CHECKLIST FOR HUSBANDS IN GOA DIVORCE AND MAINTENANCE CASES

A husband should preserve and organise the following before filing or defending proceedings:

marriage registration certificate;

domicile and residence documents;

antenuptial agreement, if any;

property papers and asset purchase records;

loan documents;

bank statements;

ITRs and salary documents;

wife’s employment or business proof;

social media business proof, if relevant;

chats, emails and call records, where legally obtained;

evidence of desertion, refusal to return or mutual separation;

proof of adultery, only if legally admissible and responsibly collected;

child-related expenses;

proof of dependent parents;

medical records and liabilities.

The court will not decide on sympathy alone. The court will decide on pleadings and proof.

MEN’S RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE: EQUALITY MUST MEAN EQUAL SCRUTINY

A husband is not an ATM. A wife is not automatically helpless merely because she has filed a case. Maintenance must be need-based, evidence-based and disclosure-based.

At the same time, a husband cannot defeat maintenance by hiding income, avoiding disclosure or filing weak allegations. The proper defence is not abuse. The proper defence is legal accuracy.

Goa’s civil law structure gives husbands both risks and protections. The risk is that property and maintenance issues can become complex. The protection is that the law demands structure, jurisdiction, grounds and proof. A prepared husband can fight. An emotional husband gets trapped.

FINAL LEGAL POSITION

For husbands facing divorce and maintenance under the Goa Civil Code framework, the correct approach is:

Know the applicable law.

Challenge jurisdiction if wrongly invoked.

Demand full financial disclosure.

Use Section 144 BNSS defences where facts permit.

Do not treat 25% salary as automatic.

Protect property rights under the correct matrimonial regime.

Do not sign vague settlements.

Fight with documents, not drama.

In matrimonial litigation, men lose many cases not because they have no defence, but because they start late, document poorly and react emotionally. In Goa, that mistake can be expensive.

FAQs

1. Can a husband file divorce under Goa Civil Code?

Yes. A husband can file divorce if the marriage is governed by Goa’s family law regime and a legally recognised ground such as adultery, abandonment, ill-treatment, conviction, unsoundness of mind or other applicable ground is properly pleaded and proved.

2. Can wife claim maintenance from husband in Goa?

Yes. A wife unable to maintain herself can claim maintenance under the applicable law, including Section 144 BNSS. But she must face scrutiny on income, assets, conduct and disclosure.

3. Can maintenance be denied if wife is living in adultery?

Yes. Section 144 BNSS says no wife is entitled to maintenance if she is living in adultery, refuses to live with the husband without sufficient reason, or both parties live separately by mutual consent. But the husband must prove it with legally admissible evidence.

4. Is 25% of husband’s salary fixed maintenance law?

No. The Supreme Court has treated 25% of net salary as reasonable in a particular factual situation, but also clarified that maintenance depends on the facts of each case and can be modified based on circumstances.

5. Does Goa Civil Code mean wife gets half of everything?