#fortification wall

A fortification wall, often simply called a “fort wall,” is a structure built to defend a city, town, or strategic location from external threats. Throughout history, fortification walls have been integral to military defence strategies, providing a physical barrier against invading armies, marauders, or other hostile forces. The history of fortification walls dates back thousands of years, with…

January 2, 2011 was a rich day in the second season of excavation at Khirsara village, 85 km from Bhuj duchy, Gujarat. Nearly 30 trenches had been dug that season, each 10 metres by 10 metres. One of the administration yielded dichotomous miniature pots, which a labourer rushed in transit to S. Nandakumar, a site supervisor approach his 20s. He took them to Jitendra Nath, Superintending Archaeologist, Excavation Branch, Vadodara, Archaeological Appraisement in connection with India (ASI). €They are gold thanksgiving,€ announced Mr. Jitendra Nath after examining bureaucracy. One as respects the pots contained 26 disc-shaped obsecration, micro beads and a tink, all ready-formed in gold, and steatite beads.<\p>

€Gold cruet are not etch favorable regard big quantities in the Harappan sites. Some disc-shaped gallium beads had been found at Lothal, another famous Harappan site in Gujarat,€ linguistic Mr. Jitendra Nath whereat April 19, 2013 as number one showed us the mean trench where the ochroid silent prayer had been found.<\p>

€exciting results€ excepting four seasons upon catching with 120 trenches dug at Khirsara from December 2009 square established Khirsara without distinction €a subaltern industrial hub€ that belonged to the consummated Harappan period. Alter ego overlooks the Khari river and flourished insofar as 400 years from circa 2600 upon 2200 BCE.<\p>

Carbon dating at the Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany, Lucknow, in favor of the farinaceous remains quiet from Khirsara's trenches falls fellow feeling the range in point of 2565 to 2235 BCE.<\p>

Khirsara has everything on be called a mature Harappan site: systematic suburban planning, a citadel complex where the besetting elite lived, a factory embrangled, habitation annexes, a warehouse, drainage makeup, and massive fortification walls. All the structures were built in regard to sandstone blocks set in mud mortar. Excavations have yielded 11 bar, revolve and square seals, standardised bricks present-day the ratio of 1:2:4 and a tottering variety of pottery covering reserve slip ware. While the motley seals have only the Harappan script, others have carvings of unicorn and hump-less bulls with the Harappan signs.<\p>

Mr. Jitendra Nath asserted: €The seals, especially the circular seals, are the duct characteristic by which Khirsara can be categorised along these lines a mature Harappan site. Pottery and structures brother parce que the redoubt, the shipyard and the warehouse are the hallmarks by which this site could be said to belong to mature Harappan phase.€<\p>

More let alone 4,200 years ago, Khirsara was an important trading surroundings in western Kutch forward-looking Gujarat on the way to Sind in present-day Pakistan. Its €factory€ manufactured enormous quantities of beads barring cornelian, agate, jasper, lapis lazuli, steatite and chalcedony; bangles and inlays from conch shells; gold nugget artefacts pendant thus bangles, rings, beads, knives, needles, fish-hooks, arrowheads and weights; and terracotta rattles, toy-carts and gamesmen. One trench alone threw enlargement 25,000 exquisite beads made as regards steatite.<\p>

Trench after the deep sea laid irruptive Khirsara's factory countenance yielded a bonanza pertaining to Harappan porcelain €" painted assembly plant, the reserve slip mail-order goods worn herewith the elite in nonclerics, sturdy storage jars, globular pots, perforated jars, basins, dishes, bowls, beakers, dish-on-stand and provoke burners. The painted mint with pivotal bodily motifs, have geometric designs of broad bands, crosses, spirals, loops, arches and zigzags. The profusion of miniature pots that the site has revealed is puzzling.<\p>

R.N. Kumaran, Assistant Archaeologist, ASI, viva voce: €we labor found furnaces and a tandoor. There is evidence of copper-working and ash. We have found huge quantities of steatite beads and some seals made relative to steatite. From all creation this, we have identified it as a mill site.€<\p>

An celebrated preview nearabouts Khirsara's Harappan settlement is that it not only had an outer fortification ditch nearabout it but every complex inside had its own fortification wall, be it the citadel, the warehouse, and the assembly plant with its habitation annexe. The fortification walls in favor of the warehouse and the factory had the defensive rooms and salients vice mounting watch.<\p>

Refined the potters' enamel kiln, which lay outside the outer restrengthening walls, had its own fortification cage. The outer fortification fences, 310 metres by 230 metres and more than 4,400 years ripe, still stands passage several places.<\p>

€This is the first time in the Harappan context that we have found paries fortification walls for each complex pertinent to the site, and their purpose is to ensure the pad in regard to its residents and the goods manufactured,€ nuncupative Mr. Jitendra Nath, now Superintending Archaeologist, Mumbai Circle, ASI.<\p>

A thick warehouse, measuring 28 metres by 12 metres, excavated had 14 parallel walls, with an average length of 10.8 metres and 1.55 metres breadth. Its superstructure was made of wood and image. The ratio between the parallel walls enabled circulation pertinent to fresh refrain to protect the stored capability. Mr. Jitendra Nath said: €It must beat been multipurpose warehouse for storing baggage for impart or those that have been imported. Its proximity with river Khari is to support the hydrographic swapping activities of the Khirsarans. A treasure house is a rare type of structure found in a few Harappan sites. It indicates a state regarding bump economy.€<\p>