#former countries

u/PisseGuri82:

A little disclaimer: I didn't include everything. This is a map of interesting stories, not a complete index of every former state.

For instance:

There were more sultanates and kingdoms in the East Indies that held out against the Dutch and British until after 1860, but they are hard to research and entangled in a complex tributary/vassal/protectorate system where their actual independence in unclear. Also, including ten similar little countries makes for a tedious map, so I let the major one, Aceh, represent these.

There were also more republics proclaimed during the Philippine revolution. I omitted those that were direct precursors to the current Philippine republic, and some of the smaller ones that were very local.