Any compact space is coarse equivalent to a point. â is coarse equivalent to â¤. The universal cover of a compact manifold is coarse equivalent to the fundamental group.
John Roe
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Any compact space is coarse equivalent to a point. â is coarse equivalent to â¤. The universal cover of a compact manifold is coarse equivalent to the fundamental group.
John Roe

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Mona Bakerâs 5 levels of equivalence
Once again, no fancy theories or sophisticated vocabulary. Letâs get down to business. Mona Baker, the author of âIn Other Words,â has explained the concept of âequivalenceâ in a way that might help us, language learners, understand how our target languages work. Â
Whatâs equivalence in translation?
Simply put, it means "the best translation of a word/phrase/concept."Â A concept expressed in your native language is expressed by a concept in your target language so, they evoke the same emotions, mental pictures, and adhere to cultural standards.Â
Simple example:Â
A car â big, small, red, 4 wheels, a windshield, Toyota, etc.Â
SamochĂłd â the features I stated above apply to samochĂłd as well.Â
Theyâre equivalents.Â
Difficult example:Â
ĹwiÄcenie koszyczka (a Polish thing. We do it for Easter.) = Basket BlessingÂ
âWhat the hell is Basket Blessing?â Thatâs what non-Polish people usually ask me when they learn about our Easter traditions. Â
ĹwiÄcenie koszyczka has special connotations in Poland. Itâs a Catholic tradition that people like. There are some preparations for it like decorating boiled eggs, etc.Â
Basket Blessing is a literal translation. The target audience is usually confused and doesnât feel anything while reading this phrase, no sentiment, no mental pictures, nothing. Just a fun fact. Itâs not the best equivalent, but you canât go with anything else because thereâs no other way to translate it. You can replace it with a local custom (youâll get people sentimental), but youâll change facts. Is it a good choice? I donât know. It depends on what you want to achieve.Â
Fun FactÂ
Equivalence is not about word-for-word translation (just like in a dictionary). Itâs possible to achieve equivalence, but you need to remember that there are so many people in the world and each of them creates different mental pictures when they hear a word. They feel different emotions, and that alone makes achieving the perfect, the ultimate equivalence impossible. Thatâs why linguists and translators have been studying equivalence for a while now. They keep working and looking for the answer to âHow can we achieve the best equivalence?âÂ
To the point!Â
Mona Baker talks about 5 different levels of equivalence:Â
Equivalence at word level and above word level (2 levels) â weâre trying to translate words only or phrases, collocations, idioms, etc.
You might not be able to translate a word because youâre dealing with:
Culture-specific concepts which are expressed through one word only.
There is no such thing/action in your target language/culture.
Your native language is more specific, and the word you want to translate refers to one thing only. Â Your target language, on the other hand, refers to many things, and it uses one word for a lot of objects. (skĂłwka na dĹugopis, zakrÄtka, zatyczka = a cap).
Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective (words such as come/go, take/bring, arrive/depart).
Different connotations (some words are neutral in your native language, but some are very emotive in your target language).
Affixes (prefixes and suffixes). English "âish" (greenish) is applicable to many words. Itâs almost impossible to render it into Polish.Â
Some words can be translated (have equivalents), but theyâre not used as often as they are in the target culture/language.Â
How can I deal with that?
Use more general words, less expressive words.
You can always describe the thing, provide an explanation (translation by illustration).
You can omit that word if it isnât necessary and wonât cause any problems with understanding.
Paraphrase.
Borrow the word and provide its explanation.
Cultural substitution (instead of ĹwiÄcenie koszyczka use a custom common for your target languageâs culture).
Grammatical equivalence â differences in grammatical constructions (they might be difficult to translate as well). Catfordâs translation shifts overlap with Mona Bakerâs grammatical equivalence.Â
Number (plural/singular)
Gender
Person (I, You, He, She, It)
Tense and aspect (perfective and imperfective)
Voice (active/passive)
Textual equivalence â differences in text organization and structuring (word order, cohesion, word choice, paragraphs, etc.)
Itâs most visible in languages such as Japanese, where the topic and the subject are two different concepts.Â
In Polish, the word order is very flexible unlike in English. The Japanese always finish their sentences with verbs.Â
Some languages prefer nominal structures. In Polish, we like to use verbal structures. (jakie anime planuje siÄ stworzyÄ = upcoming anime releases)Â
Pragmatic equivalence â how it is that we understand more than it is actually said.
Implied information â you know, all those little things that tell us that our speaker meant something completely different or meant to insult us in a non-straight-forward manner using culturally specific words and concepts. (Forrest Gump is a good example of such implied information. You need to be familiar with US history and culture to fully enjoy the movie).
So, how this knowledge can help you?
1. It will help you ask better questions in class. 2. Understanding how your native language works will speed up your learning process tremendously. 3. If comparing languages is your favorite language learning method, Catfordâs and Mona Baker's translation theries can give an idea where to start and what to notice. 4. If youâre a teacher, it can help you explain some grammatical phenomena. 5. If you help others learn your native language, youâll be able to explain grammatical issues, or at least give examples. 6. Youâll speed up your translation abilities. Â
Bourgeois society is ruled by equivalence. It makes dissimilar things comparable by reducing them to abstract quantities... anything which cannot be resolved into numbers, and ultimately into one, is illusion; modern positivism consigns it to poetry.
Max Horkheimer & Theodor W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment
Equivalence: The Story So Far
So, one of the people who have stuck with Equivalence for a reeeally long time (it's almost 4 years old! How?) recommended that I write out chapter summaries to remind people of what happened in previous chapters.
The story's gotten really long and more than a little convoluted, so it helped me to write things out, too. (I tried to keep things short, but...well.)
So without further ado, hereâs whatâs happened!
âEquivalencesâ
Š Henri Coudoux

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An Archive of Our Own, a project of the Organization for Transformative Works
Chapter 8 of Equivalence is up, though literally anyone here is going to be here from that fic in the first place so this is kind of pointless but
Expanded Equivalence [1.12.2]
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