#engineering chemistry

The present study deals with the analysis and adsorption of Basic Yellow 28 BY28 onto low-cost natural red clay NRC . Adsorbent characterized by XRD, SEM, TG DTA, BET and BJH. The effect of the contact time, the temperature, the initial concentration, the pH and the adsorbent mass and on adsorption process were investigated using by batch adsorption technique and then the adsorption isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics and equilibrium studies were performed. The pH effect on the removal of BY28 efficiency was not important. It was found that the isotherm model best suited to the equilibrium data obtained from the adsorption of BY28 on NRC was the pseudo-second order. It was found that the kinetic model best suited to the data obtained from the adsorption of BY28 on NRC was the Langmuir model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 370 mg. g-1. In the thermodynamic studies, it can be said that the adsorption of BY28 onto NRC takes place spontaneously, physically and endothermic ally. Finally, the use of NRC shows a greater potential for the removal of cationic dyes, as no costly equipment is required.

Interlinking of Rivers aims to link India's major river system by a network of reservoirs and canals so as to reduce persistent floods in some parts and water deficit in other parts of the country. The proposal is broadly categorized into three parts viz. the Northern Himalayan Rivers inter-link , the Southern Peninsular and an Intra-State Rivers linking componenst. The project is being studied by NWDA, under MWR. India receives about 4,000 through rainfall from June to mid- September. Moreover it is not uniform in space and time, results floods in one part and droughts in other. This geographical and time variance in availability of natural water versus the year round demand for irrigation, drinking and industrial water creates a demand-supply gap that has been worsening with rising population. The Proponents of the rivers inter-linking projects claim the answers to problem is to conserve the abundant monsoon water bounty, store it in reservoirs, and deliver this water through rivers inter-linking project - to areas and over times when water becomes scarce. In addition the project also offer potential benefits to transport infrastructure through navigation, and fish farming. The National perspective plan envisions about 170 million acre feet of water for beneficial uses in India, enabling irrigation over an additional area of 35 million hectares, generation of 40,000 MW hydro power, flood control and other benefits. The cost of the project is invoices 6.5 lack crores as on 2003. Opponents are concerned about knowledge gap on environmental, ecological, social displacement impacts and unseen risks associated with tinkering with nature. Others are also concerned that some projects create international impact and the rights of nations such as Bangladesh and Nepal must be respected and negotiated.