Quote [Peng D, Ando K, Hußmann M, et al. Proper migration of lymphatic endothelial cells requires survival and guidance cues from arterial mural cells. eLife. 2022.]

HUVEC（ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞）のTube Formationの様子を撮った映像です。 HUVECは人の臍帯静脈から単離された血管内皮細胞です。この細胞は、ECM（細胞外マトリクス）ゲル上で培養することでin vitro angiogenesis（試験管上での血管新生）を行い、tubeを形成します。

前半はこの様子を顕微鏡で観察しており、後半はtubeを形成している部分を自動で緑色の線で表示するソフトを用いて観察している動画になります。

endothelial cell

Study Visualizes How Toxoplasma Gondii Crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier

It’s known that “Toxo” can affect the brain, even influencing the behavior of its hosts. But scientists have debated exactly how the parasite crosses the blood-brain barrier, a physical obstacle intended to keep pathogens out of the brain.

Now, researchers from the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine and colleagues from across the country have identified how the parasite makes its way in. Using a powerful imaging technique that allowed the scientists to track the presence and movement of parasites in living tissues, the researchers found that Toxoplasma infects the brain’s endothelial cells, which line blood vessels, reproduces inside of them, and then moves on to invade the central nervous system.

“Crossing the blood-brain barrier is a rare event in part because this structure is designed to protect the brain from pathogens,” said Christopher Hunter, the Mindy Halikman Heyer President’s Distinguished Professor at Penn Vet. “And yet it happens and we have now been able to visualize these events. It’s something that no one had seen before.”

“Endothelial cells are a replicative niche for entry of Toxoplasma gondii to the central nervous system” by Christoph Konradt, Norikiyo Ueno, David A. Christian, Jonathan H. Delong, Gretchen Harms Pritchard, Jasmin Herz, David J. Bzik, Anita A. Koshy, Dorian B. McGavern, Melissa B. Lodoen and Christopher A. Hunter in Nature Microbiology. Published online February 2016 doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.1

Question: Regarding Glomerulus

a) is a small tuft of capillaries

b) contains podocytes

c) covered with diaphragm

d) small fenestrae of endothelial cell

e) contains mesangial cells

Answer hint:

Glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries. Glomerular epithelial cells podocytes put out the long foot process which interdigitate with those of adjacent epithelial cells. Glomerular capillary endothelial…