#drawpathology

Clinical Hallmarks * Early stiffness and falls (typically within the first year of the disease). - upright stiff posture, back arching, and neck extension * Prominent axial and neck rigidity (rather than limb) and retrocollic posture *

> **Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)** * ***COPD*** is characterized by ***chronic, progressive, irreversible air flow obstruction*** – Leads to [high lung volumes](/term/physiology/lung-volumes-capacities) (functional residual cap

> **Interstitial Lung Diseases** AKA Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases Overview * Characterized by **inflammation and/or fibrosis in the lung tissue.** * Pulmonary ***restriction with reduced total lung capacity, forced vital capacity, and

> **Heart Failure** * Increasingly common due to an aging population and high prevalence of contributing risk factors. * Heart failure = A clinical syndrome in which the heart's ventricles cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. **Re

Atherosclerosis is the build up of internal arterial wall (intimal layer) atheromas (atherosclerotic plaques) that protrude into the vessel lumen. The comprise a structural lesion with a core of lipid and a fibrous cap. Their pathogenesis comes fro