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Risk-Benefit (Ratio) of Wearing Masks in the Milieu Of COVID-19. An Indian Perspective 

Introduction The scientific and medical understanding of the COVID-19 disease is progressing speedily and a number of investigational new drugs (IND) or repurposed drugs underwent clinical trial for efficacy and safety analysis [1]. Despite the expedited regulatory approval or clinical trial for several antiviral compounds presently, few are in phase 2 or 3 trial successively. There are still currently no available approved therapies with proven clinical utility for COVID-19. However, the medical experts have also advised wearing a face mask which not only provides protection from the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus but also claim to eradicate it preventing transmission especially in dense population like India [1,2]. Therefore, the use and type of masks used by the community to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly [2]. Moreover, it is important to highlight the awareness and risk-benefit ratio (RBR) analysis of wearing masks in context to COVID-19 disease. The use of facemasks to prevent respiratory infection like COVID-19 are well known whereas complex interventions are needed especially for perceived susceptibility, the pattern of masking the face, and the type of mask used [3]. Further studies are required to evaluate the effectiveness of implemented interventions. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also recommended the guidelines on mask use in the context of COVID-19 stating the advises on the use of masks as part of a comprehensive package of prevention and control measures to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 [4]. It is always thought of the absurdity of the hypoxia or any associated clinical health morbidity argument from wearing the mask. Implications of recent findings of detection of COVID-19 virus from an air sample despite initial ideas about the droplet infection meriting research question on the quality and utility of the user facemask preventing the COVID-19 transmission [5,6].

Perspective The scientific uncertainty about the usefulness of public masking is nowadays obsolete and the clinical utility of wearing masks is unanimously granted for reducing the transmission of COVID-19 [7-9]. Masks are found to be highly safe, with only minor and uncommon side effects [7,10-11]. However, some individuals should not wear masks, such as those with severely compromised respiratory systems and individuals who cannot remove or adjust their masks (children under 2 and people with severe disabilities) [12]. However, that masking alone will not be enough to stop the pandemic. Masking is most effective when combined with physical distancing, frequent handwashing, rapid testing, and coordinated contact tracing [13]. A recent report by Govt, of India, revealed that half of the Indian population does not wear the mask [14]. The ministry, Govt of India reported that of half the Indian population who wears a mask, 64 percent of them cover the mouth but not the nose, 20 percent of them wear it on the chin, two percent have the mask on the neck and only 14 percent wear it correctly covering the nose, mouth, chin and with a clip on the nose [14,15]. Wearing masks to prevent coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is not recommended for children below five years of age, even though the practice is deemed essential for adults, according to guidelines issued by the Directorate general of health services (DGHS) under the Union ministry of health and family welfare [14,15]. Conclusion It is undeniably suitable to pay attention to wearing masks in proper forms that may be affecting diseases. Understanding of the agent-host-environment relationship is equally important whereas masks should be used as part of an inclusive policy to suppress transmission and save lives. The use of a mask alone is not sufficient to provide an adequate level of protection against COVID-19.

Governments must therefore manage public expectations and explain the requirement of mass masking through implementing its own polices and it is important for governments to emphasise on general awareness on risk benefit ratio and mask management. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise. us.com/drug-designing-journal/archive.php

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In the US, more than 400,000 medical treatments are carried out each year to eliminate intestinal adhesion. The economic loss from these medical treatments is estimated to be about $1.2 billion. This economic loss has been significant, and the search results from pub med under keyword Intestinal Obstruction have been decreasing since 2015. It is difficult to research and prevent a disease caused by small intestine, which is one of the emergency diseases. Because emergency diseases have structural problems that are very difficult to collect and analyze data for research. Emergency care measures, especially drug development, require a platform that allows public funding and sharing of clinical data. Emergency diseases have scattered clinical data. The research into this emergency disease requires a method of receiving clinical data as a condition to provide free medical treatment to patients through the IRB. There is an urgent need to find the reverse data. Modern society is a time of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Above all, AI, Deep Learning, and platforms are important keywords. In these times, open and international cooperation is necessary for the safety of emergency patients such as intestinal obstruction. Development guidelines describe how medicine will overcome these shortcomings during the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

http://www.lupinepublishers.com/drug-designing-journal/fulltext/preparatory-preparations-for-the-study-of-drug-therapies-for-emergency-diseases.ID.000121.php

This work aims to evaluate the composition of the essential oils of certain mints grown in the region of Settat Morocco and to determine their chemical compositions. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation have an average yield of: 2.93% for Mentha pulegium, 1.23% for Mentha piperita and 0.91% for Mentha spicata. Analyzes of oils by GC-MS, showed the presence of several components including Menthone (42.97%) and Menthol (27.64%) are the major components of Mentha piperita, piperitone (31.27%) and piperitenone (22.98%) were obtained as the major compounds of Mentha pulegium, and so the main essential oil compounds of Mentha spicata are carvone (33.14%) and trans-Carveol (20.06%).

http://www.lupinepublishers.com/drug-designing-journal/fulltext/chemical-study-by-gc-ms-of-the-essential-oils-of-certain-mints-grown-in-the-region-of-settat-morocco-mentha-piperita-mentha-pulegium-and-mentha-spicata.ID.000120.php

The present work is based on a careful analysis of the literature in order to find out what the right type of exercise can be recommended to the patient with COPD. Starting from the basic assumption that exercise is itself a biological therapy, we have looked to molecules that are critically altered in these patients so as to constitute potential molecular markers. We have also seen if, how, and how much the exercise is able to determine a modulation of the levels of these molecules in a functional sense to improve the clinical condition of the patients.

http://www.lupinepublishers.com/drug-designing-journal/fulltext/exercise-training-and-molecular-markers-new-perspectives-in-the-rehabilitation-of-copd.ID.000119.php

We are currently facing a global health challenge regarding the way we discover and develop new drugs. Small biotech companies, as well as large pharmaceutical corporations, spend increasingly more money on the classical route of drug development, and it fails more often than it succeeds. Consequently, some diseases are not being treated and patients who are in dire need of new therapies are not receiving them. 

http://www.lupinepublishers.com/drug-designing-journal/fulltext/body-on-chip-a-distant-dream-or-an-emerging-reality.ID.000118.php

Within the EU funded project »N2B-patch« eleven partners from eight countries aim to develop an innovative technology for the nose-to-brain delivery of an active pharmaceutical ingredient via the olfactory region for the regenerative treatment of multiple sclerosis using novel multi-functional biomaterials combined with a medical device. The four year EU-funded research involves an innovative method of bypassing the blood-brain barrier by delivering a potential multiple sclerosis drug with a special medical device via the nose directly to the brain. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that more than one billion people worldwide are suffering from neurological disorders [1]. The therapy of central nervous system (CNS) diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) is still an unmet medical need due to the low CNS bioavailability of innovative drugs like antibodies. Hence, a safe and efficient drug delivery platform technology for CNS active molecules is crucial and therefore needed.

http://www.lupinepublishers.com/drug-designing-journal/fulltext/n2b-patch-nose-to-brain-delivery-of-an-active-pharmaceutical-ingredient-via-the-olfactory-region.ID.000116.php

Single mother cannot produce benefit properly which is required to children, playing, and other food source into energy. Researcher has been looking for simple and effective ways to deliver benefit into the children who have a single mother to child by their choices as well as single mother has to her choice. The most common one is taking orally that has financial support from organization which is privately manage and ruled out by under the surveillances of Pharmacy council of India. However research shows that is easily broken down by the system. This problem has solved by using intervention by secretarial level department of health research (DHR) government of India. These can be done by binding pharmacy council of India by department of health research with government of India. The encouragement is protected with monthly salary that has single mother by choice which is service privately manage under the influence pharmaceutical Institutions which is linkage of slums and rural area in India. Once financial support reaches the children’s, another pathway takes over to help financial pass into the children needs. Binding of regulatory of pharmacy council of India to single mother by choice residing in private pharmacy institution in slum makes the financial hitch a ride on this protected supply chain, where it is released to do its work. Financial help also causes stimulation of brain which leads to increased release of sertraline moieties. Finding simpler ways to deliver cause into the slums pharmacy institution is one important avenue for tackling the myth of single mother by choice that is sweeping the developing world and GDP in slum occupied pharmacy Institutions. Single mother by choice has specific mechanisms for protecting and absorbing valuable things that would usually be correlate by financial conditions and better delivery method to their children.

https://www.lupinepublishers.com/drug-designing-journal/fulltext/regulation-of-pharmacy-council-of-india-and-assessment-of-quality-life-among-single-mother.ID.000115.php

The structural and vibrational properties of acid species, hexa-hydrated and anhydrous trisodic salts of antiviral drug foscarnet in gas phase and in aqueous solution have been studied in this work by using the hybrid B3LYP method with the 6-31G* and 6-311++G** basis sets. The properties in solution were carried out with the self consistent reaction force (SCRF) method by using the integral equation formalism variant polarised continuum (IEFPCM) and SD models while the complete vibrational assignments for those three species were performed in both media by using the experimental available infrared spectrum of hexa-hydrated trisodic salt and the scaled quantum mechanical force field (SQMFF) methodology. The natural bond orbital (NBO) studies suggest that the hexa-hydrated salt in solution is most stable than the anhydrous one in the same medium but in gas phases the anhydrous salt shows a higher stability in solution. The atoms in molecules (AIM) analyses have revealed the ionic characteristics of the O--- Na bonds in both salts supporting the higher stability of the hexa-hydrated salt in solution. The evaluation of the frontier orbitals show that the anhydrous salt is the most reactive species in solution, as supported by its higher solvation energy and volume variation. Apparently, the presences of phosphate group in foscarnet probably increase its activity when it is used as drug. The experimental infrared bands observed in the hexa-hydrated species at 1059 and 983 cm-1 are clearly attributed to the stretching modes of phosphate group while the strong bands at 1445 and 1333 cm-1 are associated to the stretching modes of carboxylate group. In addition, the force constants for the carboxylate and phosphate groups are reported.

https://www.lupinepublishers.com/drug-designing-journal/fulltext/structural-and-vibrational-study-on-the-acid-hexa-hydrated-and-anhydrous-trisodic-salts-of-antiviral-drug-foscarnet.ID.000114.php