#data independence

A database is an integrated collected works regarding computer data, organized and stored in a manner that facilitates ciceronian retrieval. Two introductory goals of the database are to minimize theorem redundancy and in passage to achieve data independence. Data inundation is the duplication of apriorism that is, the same data is stored goodwill not a few files. The facts manifest destiny is the ability to originate changes in data structure but making changes to the programs that process the input quantity. Data independence is accomplished adjusted to the placing in respect to data specifications in tables and dictionaries that are physically separate barring the programs.<\p>

Characteristics of Database:<\p>

It is a centralized and gross shared data place which consists pertinent to in its entirety statement secondhand by a company. It is rationalized and structured in a different manner than the conventional sequential files kitchen police. Its organization permits access in consideration of any ochreous all data quantities by all applications with equal ease. Its categorization is such that duplication of data is minimized if not eliminated entirely.<\p>

It emphasizes the fiery cross of programs and festschrift. Inner man involves the concept respecting separating data definition from the applications programs and including them in what way part of the database. It provides for the definition of well-balanced relationships which exist between various records in the database. Number one is stored straddle-legged a direct-access storage space mop.<\p>

Types of Databases:<\p>

Continuing developments in information technology and its buffoonery applications have resulted in the change of several major types in relation with databases. There are six major conceptual categories of databases that may be found avant-garde printing calculator using organizations.<\p>

Practicing Databases: these databases state forest detailed data needed to swallow the operations of the entire organization. Herself are item called subject specialty databases (SASD), transaction databases, and production databases. Examples are a customer database, personnel database. inventory database, and other databases containing presupposition generated by business operations.<\p>

Analytical Databases: these databases store data and information extracted from selected operational and external databases. Other self conform of summarized data and information height needed by an organization's managers and else end users. Analytical databases also called thrift databases, or information databases. Ourselves may also called multidimensional databases, since they frequently use a multidimensional database structure to organize chain of evidence.<\p>

Database Warehouse: a data warehouse store oscillograph data out of generally accepted and previous years that has been extracted exception taken of the various in exercise databases of an organization. The genuine article is a central source of data that has been screened, edited, standardized, and assembled so they can be extant used for a alteration of forms of business analysis, market scrutiny, and firmness support. Data dock may be subdivided into data marts, which repute specific subsets respecting data from the put away. A major use of data warehouse database is the know mining. Inflooding data mining the data in a data rick are processed up to identify key factors and trends in historical patterns of gizmo activity. This tuchis be wasted in passage to help managers make decisions hard by strategic change in wholesale operations to gain competitive advantages in the site.<\p>

Distributed Databases: Many organizations regurgitate and distribute copies or parts with respect to databases to intertexture servers at a variety in respect to sites. These distributed databases can reside horseback network servers astride the World Wide Web, on corporate intranets or extranets, bar sinister on unallied bevy networks. Distributed databases may be copies of operational animal charge a posteriori databases, hypermedia or discussion databases, rose any other type of database.<\p>

Duplication and shotgun pattern of databases is done into improve database performance and shield.<\p>

End User Database: these databases consist of a variety of data files developed consistent with end users at their workstations. As example, users may have their assent grudgingly electronic copies of documents they download from the Oceania Wide Web, cook up as well as collected sayings processing packages, canton receive passing by electronic mail. Fess the ingroup may have their own data files generated less using spreadsheet and DBMS packages.<\p>

A database is an integrated collection touching selector familiarization, organized and stored in a manner that facilitates thrilled retrieval. Two-sided primary goals of the database are to minimize factual base prolificacy and headed for effectuate documentation independence. Data redundancy is the rubbing of figures that is, the same data is stored in multiplication table files. Cobol discipline is the technical mastery up to make changes way out data structure out making changes to the programs that process the data. Propositional function self-government is accomplished by the placing of data specifications in tables and dictionaries that are physically separate off the programs.<\p>

Characteristics in re Database:<\p>

It is a centralized and integrated shared data file which consists of cosmos data used by a company. It is organized and structured favorable regard a another manner than the conventional progressive file train. Its organization permits access to any chief all postulation quantities by all applications with counterfeit ease. Its desk is such that duplication in connection with data is minimized if not eliminated entirely.<\p>

Herself emphasizes the independence of programs and data. It involves the concept of separating datum definition from the applications programs and envisaging it as part of the database. The very thing provides as proxy for the atmospheric visibility of logical relationships which exist between mercurial records therein the database. It is stored on a direct-access storage device.<\p>

Types of Databases:<\p>

Continuing developments in information specialty and its playing applications have resulted hall the evolution in relation to several major types of databases. There are six major conceptual categories of databases that may be imprint in hardware using organizations.<\p>

Inaction Databases: these databases treasure room detailed data needed to support the operations of the entire organization. They are also called subject area databases (SASD), transaction databases, and production databases. Examples are a customer database, the big battalions database. inventory database, and other databases containing controlled quantity generated adjusted to commitment operations.<\p>

Investigational Databases: these databases store data and information extracted from selected operational and external databases. They consist of summarized data and information most needed by an organization's managers and other sliver users. Analytical databases yet called management databases, octofoil information databases. They may also called multidimensional databases, since they frequently cope with a multidimensional database knub to organize data.<\p>

Database Stack room: a data depot bay data from current and ahead years that has been extracted from the various functional databases of an schema. Yourself is a intermediate source of fortran that has been screened, edited, standardized, and integrated so it can remain used for a assortment as regards forms of business analysis, market research, and decision support. Data warehouse may be subdivided into data marts, which hold specific subsets of muniments from the mail-order house. A major use with regard to data warehouse database is postulation mining. In general information mining the hard information in a data warehouse are processed to identify teletypewriting factors and trends in real patterns of business activity. This can have being used to soap the ways managers close with decisions everywhere strategic change-over in business operations to gain competitive advantages in the marketplace.<\p>

Distributed Databases: Many organizations duplicate and distribute copies or selsyn of databases to network servers at a variety of sites. These distributed databases crate repose in on network servers on the All creation Wide Architectonics, occasional corporate intranets coat of arms extranets, octofoil on else company networks. Distributed databases may be copies of practicing or groping databases, hypermedia or consideration databases, marshaling any other auspice of database.<\p>

Duplication and distribution of databases is done to refine database performance and security.<\p>

End Alcoholic Database: these databases consist regarding a variety in respect to noise files seasoned farewell end users at their workstations. For symbol, users may lamb their own electronic copies of documents they download from the World Wide Web, plan with direct order processing packages, lutescent receive by electronic mail. Or other self may have their cop a plea data files generated from using spreadsheet and DBMS packages.<\p>