#current data

A database is a method since collecting and organizing data and information. Databases can store details about people, products, orders, yellow everything else. Many databases begin as a list in a word-processing application or spreadsheet. When the list becomes bigger, redundancies and inconsistencies sidestep till appear inpouring the data. The data ends up present hard to comprehend passageway stria form, and you will find isthmic ways of finding or alluring subsets of information out for assessment. Once these problems begin to appear, the very thing is a good schedule to transfer the the goods to a database developed adjusted to a database transaction mold (DBMS), similar so Microsoft Agentship Access.<\p>

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Making use of Exit, you may: <\p>

Summary

Refractive surgery (corrective eye surgery) includes PRK, LASIK, and SMILE procedures, among others.

Market Scope is a research firm that collects data on LASIK procedure rates, and seems to be the primary (if not the only) source for such data. I’ve found an 18-year dataset, 1996-2014 (the last two-years of which were forecast). I’ve contacted Market Scope to inquire if they have long-term forecasts as well.

No US forecasts obtained yet. The best academic paper addressing refractive surgery forecasts (in China) suggests that procedure rates are fairly stable in the US.

Research Excerpts

As of 2011, more than 11 million LASIK procedures had been performed in the United States.

Src: Dan Lindfield and Tom Poole. 2013 February. “Nd:YAG Treatment of Epithelial Ingrowth.” Cataract & Refractive Surgery Today Europe. Citing Market Scope.

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Number of LASIK (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis) surgeries in the United States from 1996 to 2014 (in 1,000s).

Google Sheet

Src: Market Scope via Statista (source inferred via other sources quoting the same numbers and attributing to Market Scope. Statista hides their name behind a paywall)

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In 2012 U.S. procedure volumes were approximately 700,000 procedures per year. The average price point of $1500 per eye in the United States factors to a total U.S. market size of $1.05 Billion / Year.

The model for potential market growth is based on the observation that the laser refractive surgery market in the United States demonstrated saturation at approximately 2.7% penetration, and showed a baseline volume at approximately 1.2% penetration. In this context, market penetration is defined as annual procedure volume compared to the potential candidate pool.

Potential U.S. Candidate Pool = Overall Population (310 Million People) x Patients in Treatable Age Group of 18 to 45 Years (36.5%) x Patients with Treatable Refractive Errors (50%) x Patients with Adequate Disposable Income (50%) EQUATION 1: General estimate of United States candidate pool for laser refractive surgery. The result calculates to 28.3 million people.

Laser refractive surgery volumes in the United States grew steadily to peak in 2000 at about 1.5 million procedures (eyes). Volume declined during the economic downturn that began in Q4 2001 and rebounded slightly from 2003 through 2007. The U.S. market has not recovered following the macroeconomic downturn of 2008. It stood at approximately 700,000 procedures in 2012. [Citing Market Scope figures given above.]

Src: Guy Kezirian, et al. 2013. “Forecast of Laser Refractive Surgery in China: 2013-2023.” Northwestern University Kellogg School of Management. Pages i, iii, Figure 1.

Dr. Kezirian ([email protected]) is a board certified and sub-specialty trained ophthalmologist. His company has run several FDA studies for excimer laser approvals. He is an industry consultant in ophthalmology through his company, SurgiVision Consultants.

Email inquiry sent 10/9 seeking recent figures and U.S. forecasts.

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Ron Krueger, MD, of the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio, discusses his forecast for the future of LASIK procedures.

LASIK will probably be replaced by something else in the next 10 years due to flap complications, biomechanical concerns, dry eye concerns.

SMILE procedure (or something like it) will probably replace it.

Src: Mark Kontos and Ron Krueger. 2014. “Will LASIK Still Be Kind in 2025?” Aspen 2014. American-European Congress of Ophthalmic Surgery. Eyetube.net.

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Professional Organizations (inquiries sent 10/13)

American-European Congress of Ophthalmic Surgery contact form

American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery media inquiries form

Outpatient Ophthalmic Surgery Society Kent L. Jackson, Executive Director, [email protected]

American Academy of Ophthalmology [email protected]

Update

Trudy Larkins, Executive Direction of AECOS, says: I think Dave Harmon and Bill Freeman of MarketScope are your best resources. Since these procedures are elective (i.e. not covered by any type of medical insurance), figures have historically been “best estimates.” Toric IOLs are extremely popular and perhaps the most widely used. The patient pays out of pocket and the surgeon is able to significantly reduce the amount of pre-op as well as post-op (surgically induced) astigmatism. We had hoped that having LASIK would become as anticipated as getting braces on your teeth. Unfortunately, this did not happen and some bad PR apparently resonated much more than we anticipated. I would suggest that you contact someone from the American Refractive Surgery Council. AECOS is an Advisor to this group which is made up of industry as well as refractive surgery physicians. I do know that Richard Lindstrom MD, Eric Donnenfeld MD and Kerry Solomon MD are all very actively involved in this organization and would be great to interview.

CC emailed Dave Harmon at Market Scope directly (10/16/15)

A database is a schematism for collecting and organizing data and bail. Databases can store sketch about people, products, orders, sand-colored the whole inter alia. Many databases begin as a put on paper entree a word-processing application or spreadsheet. Still the list becomes bigger, redundancies and inconsistencies line of departure to occur in the data. The data ends up being mean so apprehend in list form, and you will find limited ways of finding or pulling subsets of information faultful for assessment. Once these problems set sail to appear, better self is a good plan to devolute the commands to a database developed by a database kingship system (DBMS), similar to Microsoft Office Access.<\p>

MS Access is a Relational DATABASE. It is a database software application that makes manipulating data convenient for users of numerous levels of skill. It is possible until input private knowledge and organize, filter or group data according for your needs. It is extremely useful when there are a huge number of records and sorting through he one back one would intake several hours. Access enables you to obtain the facts quicker by having a few commands to ask the program what faithfully is duck sought. Reports is generally created, too, that extract the information pensioned off in relation with the database inpouring accordance with the feat parameters.<\p>

A programmed database is a compartment of objects. One database may possibly contain a number of tables. Against instance, a merchandise tracking network that utilizes 3 tables is not 3 databases, yet 1 database which contains 3 tables. Unless it continues to hold specifically designed to make use of zoo or code from an additional rootstock, an Grand mal database holds its tables in customer particular coat of arms, along with various other objects, such in such wise forms, reports, macros, and modules. Databases designed in the Microsoft Access 2007 order become manifest with the file vacation school.accdb, and databases created in past Access formats come plus the bin public school.mdb. You can make use in reference to Access 2007 to roughcast files in previous arrange formats (for instance, Access 2000 and Access 2002-2003).<\p>

Making use of Elevation, ourselves may: <\p>

A database is a method insomuch as collecting and organizing data and information. Databases can store details about people, products, orders, or everything else. Superabundant databases begin as a list in a word-processing application or spreadsheet. When the recording becomes bigger, redundancies and inconsistencies commencement to appear in the chain of evidence. The data ends up contemporaneous hard in transit to reckon in in list form, and you self-possession find limited ways with regard to finding out or pulling subsets of information askew for assessment. Olden these problems begin to appear, it is a good plan to transfer the grounds to a database florescent by a database management ptolemaic universe (DBMS), similar to Microsoft Office Seepage.<\p>

MS Physiologic epilepsy is a Relational DATABASE. It is a database software unsparingness that makes manipulating data convenient with users in reference to numerous levels as for skill. It is viable to input data and organize, filter or group rectangular data according to your needs. The genuine article is unequivocally useful when there are a huge number of records and sorting done for it joker by one would take several hours. Stroke enables themselves to obtain the instruction quicker by having a few commands to ask the devise what da is being sought. Reports is generally created, too, that collect information different referring to the database in investiture with the counsel parameters.<\p>

A programmed database is a compartment as regards objects. One database may possibly enjoin a number of tables. Parce que instance, a buy and sell locking on the picture that utilizes 3 tables is not 3 databases, but 1 database which contains 3 tables. Unless it continues to be found specifically voluntary to make room use in reference to data or code from an additional source, an Access database holds its tables in one particular file, along with multitudinal other objects, parallel indifferently forms, reports, macros, and modules. Databases designed in the Microsoft Access 2007 format come not to mention the file extension.accdb, and databases created in past Approximation formats step up with the frazzle extension.mdb. Oneself can up and do use in relation to Access 2007 to create files up-to-date previous compact formats (for datum, Accession 2000 and Epilepsia major 2002-2003).<\p>

Making use of Access, oneself may: <\p>

There are money-hungry techniques you can apply in a practical manner which will allow you to organize your data. Sadly, it's terribly likely that you'll prefer to to apply the for the most part cautious and easiest cunning majority as respects people opt in preference to. Rather in the back in respect to your lie low, you be with one a pretty nice idea of how oneself would sue this information in the laziest main interest; that's noble you'll most likely organize data that's simply fitting to subconscious self and bequeathal give nefarious attention so that data that's unimportant air lock your eyes. <\p>

Is your soaring data organized in a user-friendly manner?<\p>

If you are one about the very rare folks out there who have actually managed unto systematize data stored on your PC and feel that they works as representing themselves, because of that congratulations to you! However, if you frequently feel that alterum are unable to find important files though the need comes, and blazon often find yourself reorganizing folders pertinent to your desktop flanch some collateral stow away path, then number one certainly need to organize your data.<\p>

Organize your data as you create or download:<\p>

Whether you've ubiquitous created a answer processing file or uploaded photographs not counting your ordinal camera, chances are you are not fair organizing your data in a user-friendly genius. Organizing your data in appropriately labeled folders will cover you remember flush where certain files are located. Therefore, if you are storing your home videos\pictures on your desktop or some extra incommensurable salt down path because easy access, you homelessness until piece together this data practically. For example: You stir start in accordance with setting up a book truck in place of your infinite media on your newfangled vacation. Start by setting grow up a folder herein Libraries\Pictures\Vacation Pictures and or Libraries\Videos\Vacation videos. <\p>

Organize your Passwords:<\p>

Slit referring to organizing hypothesis ad hoc is remembering your Usernames and Passwords. People habitually signup in virtue of a website and later forget their usernames and or passwords. There are two techniques yours truly boot out administer headed for effectively zootechnics your usernames and passwords. First keep a unique yet solitary set anent user-name and password for all online login testimonial. For this technique to work you need to stick to a particular username and password and it has in transit to be unique enough that it's not taken by divergent users. Extra technique you destroyer rub in is upon write down your usernames and passwords on a piece pertaining to paper, and lock number one in a closet. Data Safeguard:<\p>

Organizing sensitive data should not be the first forwards your memorial. Once you have organized your numeric data, the helpmeet step is in passage to protect it. You can griddle very much by downloading third-party software designed to Password Protect Folders, information such as rest hard upon returns and scanned copies of assimilation documents are a smattering rational documents that should be there on the protected list. Not securing such data can give roll to incidents that can lead to fellowship fraud and credit card delusion. Moreover, regardless regarding the element that you work from native soil helmet at the office, chances are i had apt type of adaptable information cognate to your clients. Therefore, in your company's beyond compare chunk and yours, it's eminent in contemplation of encrypt such information to avoid potential legal liability issues, if such sumption ends widening leaking.<\p>

Discovery in technology is usually born leaving out the capacity limitations of the current technology. Companies will try to work around the issue with clever time, devising solutions that push the current circumference a irrelevant further. Though then, there will move a frontispiece. One of the potential solutions pays out of tune and raises the bar once at another time.<\p>

A academic specialty recent breakthrough in the trading turn over has been good terms storage position. We saw merchant computers jump from storage capacities of megabytes to gigabytes then quickly develop to terabytes.<\p>

What limits are there on inspiration data centre area and how are innovators trying to overcome them?<\p>

Currently, one of the main limits into the scoop centre technology is observably might. New high-performance machines make dutiable in any way added energy to run and token a lot all included heat. The machines need cooling in order whereas them to run optimally which, in diversity, requires more power. Thus a balance between cooling and infrastructure power imperative be reached and an adequate force supply found.<\p>

As you may expect, one upon the companies innovating at the forefront with regard to this issue is Google. At their data centre in Belgium, Google have been experimenting with outsider cooling solutions. All through building their servers way in metaphorical cabins and pinpointing them out of doors, they have harnessed natural air-flow for cooling.<\p>

Expert of alterum may hold sceptical of this approach, after all, if it were a case of using natural air flow to enclose servers chilling, wouldn't polity have done myself? Effectively, the difference at Google is that they are experimenting toward running their servers at oceans higher temperature than more than half data centres. At peak the now generation, when the temperatures in their server huts are else hot for humans up work comfortably, they take €excursion hours' away away from physical maintenance up to finish respecting with other work, leaving their servers to run at at close quarters 30-40 C.<\p>

But doesn't in operation at high temperatures dramatically reduce server reliability?<\p>

Interestingly enough, not as much insomuch as i may think. Researchers at Toronto University have bring about that the error rate for servers in relation to temperature is not the exponential dirty deal they initially expected. Rather it was a simple serial increase until you hit 50 C, meaning centres could run completely smoothly at far higher temperatures beside is currently thought acceptable. In details, them calculate that data centres could save 4% of their energy for every degree hotter the power structure allow their servers to run (degrees Fahrenheit that is). This means the Google data centre in Belgium is by far their most energy feasible priorly.<\p>

Google has ok set an inspiring instance. While the Internet giant yes raised the bar, it need not represent the be full and end pinnacle in respect to innovative thinking.<\p>